SCINDIA STEAM NAVIGATION CO. LTD. versus UNION OF INDIA

412 .SUPREl.lE .COURT REPORTS

SCINDIA STEAM NAVIGATION CO. LTD.

UNION OF JNDIA

(P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, K. Sulll!A RAo and llf. H!DA¥A.'l'ULLAil ' JJ.)

Partition of irufia-Diatrib1tion of rig/it and lialrili1i.--Contr11ct ~ Go~·er"°r General in Council, if JOI' pv.rposPa of t' Paki&Jan-Te8!-0wnership, if relerant con•iderat;on-Indian Independenu (Right•, l'roJl'rt.v and I.iabilitiea) Or~er 1947, .Art.. 8(1), 6.

The appellant, navigation company, claimed sum of Rs. 44,449/· as freight from the Union of India for carrying IOgs of teak-wood from the fore.ts of Kanara to Karachi for the use of !he North Western Railway on the ba>is of contract "'ith the Conservator of Forests, North Kanara, representing the North Western Railway. Soon after tjle steamship arri""d at Karachi, India was partitioned on Au1:ust 15, JM7, and in' canstquen.ce the North Western Railway was di\'idcd into two sections, the Pakistan .section ret•incd the original name and t11e Indian section \\'a~ ca11ed the Eas~ern Punjab Railway. The claim against the respondent, the :Union af India, was based on Art. 8( 1) of the Indian I ndepecdcnee (Rights, Property and Liabi!itie.) Order, 1947, and in ·the alternative on Press Communique issued by the respondent on ~fay 22, 1948. The re.<pondent denied the claim. The trial court held that since the suit contract could not be said to be one -<. exclusively for the purposes of Pakistan under Art. 8(l)(a) of the order, the respondent was liable under Art. 8( I )(b) of the order ; if, hov.•e-\·er, found that the Press C'Jmmunique afforded no ba<is for the claim. The Court of Appral while agreci~g in rejecting the claim on the basis of the Press Communique, held that the contract frll within Art. 8(l)(a) of the order and dismissed the suit.

J/eld (per G•jendragadkar and Hidayatuallah, JJ.), that the viev.· taken hy the Appeal Court that the contract fell within Art. O(l)(a) ofthe order was co,,.ct and must he affirmed.

Judged by either of the two tests approved by this c'.'~rt in Union of India "· Chlman Lal J.oona as to the apphcab1hty of Art. 8(1)(a) and (b) of the order namd)', (1) whether the contract if it had been made on August 15, 1947, would have been ;,ntraet for the Dominion of Pakistan or (2) whether if the Dominion of Pakistan had been in existence when the contract-\vas entered into, it would have been contract for the pur-poses of Pakistan, and looking at the substance of the contract,

'11 S.C.R. SUPHElME COURTlREPORTS

and not its f01m, there could be no doubt that the contract if> was exclusively for the purposes of Pakistan.

The alternative tests approved by this court are wholly consistent with the consideration of ownership under Art. 6 of the order and such consideration is both relevant and material in the application of tests.

Union of India v. Chaman Lal Laona, (1957) S.C.R. 1039, followed.

-.. Union of India v. Chinubhai Jeshingbhai, (1952) 54 B.L.R. 561 and Krishna Rajan Basu Ray v. /, nion of India, A.LR. 1954 Cal. 623, approved.

Union of India v. Lake Nath Saha; A.LR. -1952 Cal. l 40A., disapproved.

Held, further, that the courts below were right in the view that they took of the Communique issued by the respondent, since it could not be said to embody specific ~ agreement between the two Dominions so as. to bring into operation Art. 3( 1) of the Order.

The pleas of e8foppel ar.d noratio, involving as they do questions of fact, ar.d can only be raised where rdevant facts are pleaded.

Per Subba Rao, J. The word 'purposes' occurring in Art. 8( I) of the order must be given its natural meaning namely, the purpose for which the contract was made and -" that purpose must be ascertoined from the terms of the con· tract itself and not from any other extraneous consideratio~, statutory or otherwise. The Order made an essential distinction between the purpose of the contract under Art. 8( I) and any subsequent vesting of the goods ;n any of the Dominions under Art. 6 of the Order and the rights and liabilities of the respective Dominions und.er th.e contract must be separately dealt with.

Since the purpose of the contract in the instant case was to convey the goods to the North Western Rail-way which was now in both the Dominions, the purposes of the contract were not exclusively for the Dominion o~ l'akistan. Consequently, the contract feil within Art. 8(l}(b) of the Order and must be deemed to have been made on behalf of the Dominion of India.

Unia" of India v. Chama1t IAl Laona, (1957) S.C,R.. ~ 1939, referred to.

Union of India v. Ohinubhai Jeshingbhai, I.L.R. 1953 Born. 117, considered.

lffl

ScinJia Steam .Navigatim Co. LtJ. v. ·Union •f /niia

1961 Scindia Sttam .,Vm.•igalitHJ lo. Lti. y. l,'nion of I ntfia

-1 ~ .. : - • ·- -~ •

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTIOX : Civil Appeal of 1959. 1959. "

N' o. JO of 1959. 1959.

Appeal from the judgment and decree dated March 22, 1956 of the Bombay High Court in Appeal No. to of 1955.

l'urshottam Triknmaa.•, S. i.·. Andley, J. B. Dadachanji, Rarinder Narain and 0. C. Mathur, for the appellants.

M. C. Selafrad, Attorney-General for India, Xanak Cha1Hl and T. M. Sm for the respondent.

1961. August 31. The Judgments of the r

Court were delivered.

P. B. GAJENDIU.GADKAH, ,T.-This appeal by

certificate issued by the Bomlmy High C'mrt 1111der Art. 133 (l)(a) of the Curn;titution ,\risPs out of suit initially filed on the Original Side of tho Bombay High Court (Suit No. 232 of 1951) by the • Bombay Steam :Navigation Co. Ltd. (hereafter called the B.S.~.), and the Eastern Steam Xavigation Co. Ltd. (hereafter called the :E.S.N.), against the respondent., the Union of India to recover sum of Rs. (>4,699-6·0 by way of charges for carriage oflogs oftl'akwood timber from the forests ofKan:.ra to Karachi. further sum of Rs. 445·4-0 was also claimed for storage charges of the said logs at Marmagoa. This latter claim was given up at " the time of the heari11g of the suit. The B.S.N. then merged in the Scindia Steam ~avigation Co. Ltd., and so the latter company came on the record in place of the B.S.N. This company is the first appellant before us. The E.S.N. was in liquida-tion and so its liquidators hiwc joined thl' present . litigation as plaintiff 2 and so they arc appellant 2 • in this Court.

The E.S.N. had ship called Aza.di. It appears that tho B.S.N. looked after the business of tho E.S.N. and arranged on its behalf freight to he carried by the ship belonging to it. In } 04 7 thero was an agreement between thl' B.S.N. as rcprcsc11ting the E.S.N. on the one hand and the ..

38.C.R.

Comervator of Forests, North Kanara, representing the North-Western Railway on the other for the carriage of logs of teakwood timber from the forests in Kanara, first by rail . to Marmagoa and then by steamer belonging to the E.S.N. from l\farmagoa to Karachi. Pursuant to this agreement 636 tons of timber were shipped by the Steamer Azadi which left Marmagoa on July 23, 1947. It is commcn ground that the conditions of the bill of lading provided that the appellants had the right to have the logs of wood remeasured at Karachi but it was agreed between the railway and appellants that freight should be paid on the basis of 70% more than the measurements shown by the records of the forest department of South Kanara. In the plaint as it was originally filed freight had been claimed on the said basis ; but it appears that before the learned trial judge this claim was given up and in consequence the . amount claimed was reduced from Rs. 64,699-6-0 to Rs. 44,449/-. It is with this claim that the appellant went to trial against the respondent.

Soon after the Azadi reached Karachi the partition of India into the two Dominions of India. and Pakistan took place on August 15, 1947, and that led to good deal of correspondence between the parties which shows that the appellants were sent from pillar to post, from one authority to the other, but utimately their efforts to recover the amount due under the contract failed. That is why the appellants had to file the present suit against the respondent. Their claim agall;tst' the . respondent is based on Art. 8 ( l)(b) of the Indian Independence (Rights, Property and Liabilities) Order, 1947, (hereafter called the Order). In the alternative the same amount is claimed on the footing of a. Press Communique alleged to have been issued by the respondent on May 22, 1948.

The respondent denied this claim. It 'was urged that the suit as framed was not maintainable

1911 Scindia St1am Navigation Co. Ltd. v. Union of India Cajend.racadkar J.

SdMiaSttf'f'" i.¥o&ip/io• C1. l.tti. v. [,"nio1t. of India

and t.hat the plaint did not <liselosc cause of action. It was alleged that the suit was barred by limitatiou. On the merits the respondent's case wll.8 that the appellants' claim was not covered by tho Pres.s Comm1111iquc and tl1at the Press Communique could not afford the appellants valid cause of act io1>. The appellants' contention that the relevant, clause of the Orcler justified the claim was also den iccl.

On these ple&dingH eleven substantive issues were framed by the learned trial judge. On t~ princip&l issue between the parties which related to the applicability of Art. 8 (I) (b) of t.hc Order to tho appellants' claim the learned ju<l!!e found that the appellants' claim attracted lh<.: provlB!ons of the said article. In <'oming to this cool'lusion tho learned judge no doubt not,icecl t"6 fact that on Augm-t Hi, 1947, the :North-Western Railway which originally ran through the Provinces which subsequently became part of Pakist::m as well a.s through some of the Provinces which formed part of India was divided oetwecn the Dominions of India and Pakistan iuto two sections, and the scrtiou that was allotted to the share of Pakistan continued to be known as :North-\Ve&tcrn Railway, while the ext~mtion of the railway in the territory of India came to Le known as Eastern Punja.L Railway. According to the lca.n1ed judge "if the timber that was carried to Karachi was for the purpo.scs of Xorth.\Vcsteru Railway as whole it was obviously at the date, the 15th @f August, Hl!i, which i:; the appointed date, for the purpose both of that part of the Xorth-\Vestern Railway which went to the Domi-nion of Pakistan :1s well a.s for that part of tho ~orth-\Vestem Railway which came to the Domi-nion of In<lia and became the Easlem Punjab Hailway''. On this view the learned trial judge re:whed the conclm;ion that tI1c suit contract cannot be said to be exclusively for the purp•W'S

38.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

of the Dominion of Pakistan as required by Art. S(l)(a) and so it must be deemed to be contract falling under Art. (S)(l)(b). The learned judge then considered the alternativ.e claim made by the appellants on the Press Communique in question and came to the conclusion that the said Com-munique did not afford valid basis for 1he elaim. It was not an agreement between the two Dominions, and so it could not attract the pro-visions of Art. 3(1) of the Order. The appellants' case was that the said Communique represented an agreement between the two Dominions and so it fell within Art. 3(1) of the Order and that made the n·spondent liable for their claim. This con-tention has been rejected by the learned trial judge. The plea of limitation raised by the res-pondent was rejected by the learned judge on the ground that the claim made by the appel-lants was saved by acknowledgment made by the respondent. With the findings record-ed by the learned judge on the other issues we are not concerned in the present appeal. In the result the appellants' claim for Rs. 42,449/- was referred to the Commissioner for taking accounts in order to ascertain the amount due to the appellants having regard to the terms of the contract.

This decree was challenged by the respondent by its appeal before the Court of Appeal in the said High Court. The Appeal Court agreed with the trial judge in rejecting the alternative bMis on which the appellants had ma.de the claim. On the question about the applicability of Art. 8 (l} (b) @f the Order the Appeal Court differed from the trial judge, and held that the suit contract fell withm Art. S(l)(a) of the Order. Ac0ording to the finding of the Appeal Court the contract was for purposes which as from the relevant date were exclusively purposes of the Dominion of Pakistan and w tllle respondent was not l:i&ble under it. On thil view

Scinditz. Ste111n Navizalilm Co. Lld. v. UniM1 of India GajendraglHikar J.

Scindia Sr,am }.'aL'italiort Co. l.Jd. •\', l'11io11 of !mlin Ga)tndrbtadl.nr ].

..... ;.. ...

the Appeal Court did not think it necessary to consider the question of limitation. Two additional grounds wcro sought to be raisecl before the Appeal lJourt on behalf of the appellants in support of the decree passed by tbe trial court. It was urged that by its conduct the respondent was estoppcd from disputing the validity of the appellant's claim and that there wa8 novatio ,,·hich made the respondent liable.. Th!l Appeal Court took the view that both these pleas were pleas of foet which could not be allowed to be raised for the first time in the appeal. As result of t-1.io conclusion th.it the suit contract fell under Art. S(l){a) of the Order the decree passed by the trial court \¥as reversed and the appellants' suit was dismissed with costs. Certain cross-objec-tions had been filed by the appellants claiming additional relief against the respondent, but since . the appellants failed on the prinripal question cross-objections were also dismi~sed with costs. The uppellants then applied for and obtained certi-ficate from the High Court and with the' said certi-ficate t)ley havo como to this Court with the present .appeal..

Before dealing with the merits of the conten-. tions raised by Mr. Purshottam in this Court on behalf of the appellants it is necessary to read the relevant provisions of the Order. This Order was issued on August 14, 194i, and was made by tho Bovernor-Ckncral in exorciso of the powers conferred . on him by s. 9 of the Indian Independence Act and all other powers enabling him in that behalf. The appointed day under the Order was August 15,1947. Under Art. 3 (I) it WM provicled that the provisions of the Order related to the initial distribution on rights, property and . liabilities consequential on the setting up of the Dominions of India and Pakistan, and that the same shall have effect, inter alia, Rubject to any agreement bet'ween the two Dominions. Articles 4 and 5 dealt with land and vestu1g thereof iii the two Dominions as therein

3 S.C.R.

prescribed. Article 6 provided that the provisions of Atts. 4 and 5 shall apply in relation to all goods, coins, bank notes, and currency notes which im-mediately before the appointed day vested in His Majesty for the purposes of the Governor-General in Council or of Province as they applied in rela-tion to land so vested. Article 8 (l} with which we are concerned in the present appeal reads thus :

"8 (l} Any contract made on behalf of the Governor-General in Council before, the appointed day shall, as from that day~

(a} if the contract is for the purposes

which as from that day are exclusively purposes of the Dominion of Pakistan, be deemed to have been made on behalf of the Dominion of Pakistan instead of the Governor-General in Council; and

(b} in any other case, be deemed to

have been made no behalf of the Domi-nion of India instead of the Governor-General in Council ;

and all rights and liabilities which have accrued or may accrue under any such contract shall, to the extent to which they would have been rights or liabilities of the Governor-General in Council; be rights or liabilities of ·the, Dominion of Pakistan or the Dominion of India, as the case may be."

It is unnecessary to set out the rest of ,the provi-sions of the Order.

The question about the scope and efFect of the provisions of Art. 8 (l) (;,,) and (b) bas been consi-dered by this Court in Union of Inrlia v. Chaman Lal Loona ([1 ]). In that case two previous decisions of the High Courts have been expressly approved, and so it may be convenient to refer to those two decisions :first. The first decision which bas been ( l) [1957] S.C.R.. !039.

s,imiia Stettm .Navigation Co. L~d. v. Union qf lridi& Gajendrofadkll.1 J.

.Navigation Co. L~d.

Scirulla .t::ft«m .l•la..tiarim Co. I.rt!. v. t''iiio1l e/ lndic Coj1nir(lfb.iitftr]

approYed by thi8 Court is the judgment of the Bombay High Court in Tke Union of lndi.a v. Chi1mbh,M. J lldingbai (•). [n that case the fil'!YI of Chinubhai Jm1hingba.i was doi11g business at Baroda. By three sale notes exrcuted on .March IO, !!)47, it had purchased from t!Mi Go\·ormnent of India eor. tain quantitif'.i of long·cloth whi<:h wore lying at the Ordinance Parachute Factory a.t Lahore. Under the sa.W sale notes R~. 37,oOO/· a.nd odd had been paid by the. plaintiff firm of 8hinubhai Jeshingbai to tho defendant the Union of India. Ono of tho terms of the contract was that the goodg, the sub-jcct·matter of the contract, had to be stamped. Owing to the distul'banccs caused by serious com· munal riots in Lahore in Angust, 1!14 i, the goods could not be stamped aml rcmainc<l unstamped even after pa.i:tition. Tho plaintiff thus failed to so· cmo the performance of the contract cir refuncl of the money paid by it in respect of the saicl contract either from the Government of India or from the Government of Pakistan, and so it filed tlrn au it in question for recl}very of the amount. Justice Coyajoc, who..hea,rd tho suit, decreed the plaintiff's claim. On appeal the decreo was set aside and the caae was rc111anded for the trial of ru1 issue framed by the Cow:t of Appeal. The if;SllO thus remanded was whether tho goods covered by the three salo no.tea wero lying in the territory constituting the Dominion of Pakistan by the Independence Act of August 15, 1947.

Considering Art. 8(l}(a.) ancl (b) tl1c High Court held that in gi\·ing effect to the said article an artificial test hatl been prescribed "~nd tho t('st mav be eit11cr, if the contract had been entered into on :\ugust 15, HH7, whether it would h:we been contract for tlic purposes of the Dominion of Paki· ·stan, or, if the Dominion of Pa!istan had been in existence when tne contract was entered into, '~he· tbcr it would ha'l"e been contract for the purposes of Pakistan." It was then pointed out that it was \ll (1952J 34 B.L.R. 561.

3 S.C.R. SUPREME OOURT REPORTS

difficult to understand how it was possible to argue that "when State or Dominion enters into contract in respect of property or goods belonging to it, it is not Jn'tract for the purposes of that State or Dominion". In other word~, according to this decision, in applying the tests prescribed by Art. 8 it would be relevant to enquire to whom the property or goods which is the subject-matter of the contract belonged on the appointed day. In that particular case no finding had been recorded by the trial court as to where the goods lay on the relevant date and so an issue was framed in that behalf and remanded for finding. In other words, the Appeal Court took the view that if the goods lay in Pakis-tan and thus became the property of Pakistan the contract in question would undoubtedly fall under .Art. 8 (l)(a) and not under Art. 8 (l)(b) .The second decision to which reference must be made is the judgement of the the, Calcutta High Cour.t in Krishna Ranjan Basu Ray v. Union of India, representing Eastern Railway & Ors. (1) Accor-ding to this decision suit for compensation for non-delivery of goods consigned with the Bengal and Assam Railway prior to August 15, 1947, for deli-very at .a place which had fallen to Pakistan is not maintainable against the Union of India. In coming to this conclusion the High Court held that "it was wrong to consider the earning of profit as the pur-pose of thJ contract. The purpose of the contract was the carriage of goods, and where the destination was some point in Pakistan it seems to be reason-able to hold that the purpose was the purpose .of Dominion of Pakistan. Where, on the contrary, the c.arriaze was to point which remained in the Indian Dominion it would be purposo of the Dominion of India.'' contrary view taken l;>y the said High Court in Union of India v. Loke Nath Saha (')was dissented from.

We will now revert to the decision of this Court in Ohaman·Lal Loona's case('). S. K. Das, J., (I} A.LR. 195i Cal. f,23: (2) A.LR. 1952 Col. 140 {A). t3) [[957] S.C.R. 1039. ', .. ,

SciN!ia Stum •" J{alJigation -·v. Co. . I.td, ,Union ·of India ,CajentkSfad!(ar J.

SeWlirz s,,.,,, .\'aui:ati•n Co. 1.td, v. Union of JN/ia Gajtnir•:ail:or ].

422 SuPREME COURT REPORTS (1962)

who spoke for tho Court, posed the question raised for the decision of the Court in these words : "what is the proper meaning of the expression 'a contract fur the exclusiv<i purposes of the Dominion of Pakistan", :md he answered it with tho observation that "we assent to the view expressed by Chagla, C. J ., in Union of India v. ChinubhaiJesliingbhai (')and quoted with approval to the tests to which we have already referred." The learned judge has also expres-sly approved of the decision in Krishna RanjanRasu'.• case(') and disapproved the contrary \·iew expressed in Union of India v. Loke Nath Salm('). Tn the ca.se of Cha man JAi, Loona (') this Court was dealing with eontrnct entered into on behalf of the Governor-Gencral in Council for the supply of fodder to the Manag<'r, Military Farms, Lahore Cantonment, which was in Pakistan on August 15, l!l47. The trial Con rt had founrl that the contract was not enforce-able against the Union of India, but this conclusion was re\•ersed by the High Court on the ground that the fodder constituted military stores under the exrlusive control of the joint Dcft•nce Council on the appointoo day, aud that it was liable to Im transferred to anywlwrc in India. This Court held that C\·en if it be assumed that the High Court was right in holding that tho fodder was liable to be transferred to anywhere in India, tho contract must ne\•crthcless be held to bo one excluRivoly for the purposes of Pakistan and the Union of India could not made liable thereunder. This conclusion was based on the fact that the purpose of contract'is not to be confused with the ultimate disposal of the goods supplied thereunder, since such di~posal can in 110 way de-termine or morlifiy the contract. It. would thus be ~cen that in considering the natnrc of the contract in the present appeal either of the two artificial tests approved by this Court must be applied. Does the application of either of the said tests jnstify the answer gi\·en by the Appeal Court ? That is tho main question which arises for decision before us.

(I) (1952) 54 B.L.R. 561.

(2) A.I.R. 1954 Cal. 623.

(3) A.!.R. 1952 Cal. 140 (Al.

(4) [1957] S.C.R. 1039.

It is clear that the fact that the contract in question was made by the Couservator of Forests, Kanara, is immaterial in determining jts character under Art. 8( 1 ), nor is it relevant to consider the fact that the contract had been made on behalf of tho North-Western Railway. It is obvious that all contracts prior to the appointed day wore made by the officers of the Government of India or by or rm behalf of the said Government; and so both the Courts below are rightly agreed that .in determining the character of the contract who initially made the contract with the appellants is of no relevance. Similarly the respondent cannot rely on the fact that the contract was ma,de on behalf of the North-Western Railway and the original North-Western Railway has now been split up into two sections, the Pakistan section being known by the name of North.'Western Railway and the Indian section being known by the name of Eastern Punjab Railway. It may be that the North-Western Railway on whose behalf the contract was made now runs in Pakistan alone, but that is hardly relevant for determining the character of the contract. In deal-ing with this question we must look at the substance of the contract and not its form.

It is true that the timber which was carried to Karachi under the contract was for the purposes of the North-Western Railway as whole and there is no evidence on the record to show that it was intended to be used for that section of the said Railway which ran either through Sind or Western Punjab which subsequently formed part of Paki· stan. On the other hand, the Appeal Court has found that the goods were lying in Karachi from August 15, 1947, to December 1947, and that it can be taken to be established that these goods were in the Dominion of Pakistan on the relevant date, and had been in fact used for the purposes of ' the North-Western Railway which was in the Domi-nion of Pakistan. We have already seen that the

S&india Steam Navigatian Co~ Ltd, V.' Uni'on of India Gajendraeodktzr :.J.

!ff I .~i•St.a ._'t'cii,..,i• C.. LJI. v. Union of I.Ji• Caj,.Jrqdl= ].

purpose of the contract is not to be confused with the ultimllt.e user or disposal of the good~, but it ap-pears that the learned trial judge was somewhat in-fluenced by th<' fact that the goods under the con-tract were originally intended for the use of the North-'\Vestern Railway as whole and since the us3 of the said railway as whok could not be said to be limited to the use of Pakistan alone the contract was not exclusively for the purposes of Pakistan. It. is <mly in that context that we have referred to the finding of the Appeal Court that in the circum-stances of this case there can be no doubt tliat the goods whiclt lay in Karachi from August 15, l!J4 7, to Deoember 19!i, havf' in fact been used bv the North-Western Railway whic'h fell to the share of the Dominion of Pakistan.

Xow, applying the tests approved by this

Court the question which wo havo to ask ourselves is: If the said contract had been made on August 15, l94i, ·would it 1iave been contrac·t for the Dominion of Pakistan or not ? \Ve have seen the nature of the contract. It was contract for the carrhgc of logs of teakwood timber from the Kanara forests to Karaehi for the purposo of the railway. The dcsti nation of the delivery of goods wa.s Karachi, and tJie object of securing the goods w8.ll to me them for the railway. In such case it iR difficult tu resist the conclu'!ion that if this contract had been mad(\ on August 15, UH7, it would not have been exclu.oively for tho purposes of the Dominion of Pakistan. It is inconceivable that on the appointed <lay contract could ha,·o been made for the shipment of goods to Karaehi unless the eoutract was for the 1mrposcs of the Dominion of Pakistan. If the contract had beon cvon partially for the- purposes of India shipment of all the goods to Karachi would not havo been th~ term of the contract. The same result follows if we apply the e.lterna.tive test. If Pakistan bad existed on the date of the contract, in our opinion, the contract

3g.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

as made would obviously and clearly be for the purposes of Pakistan. That is the view taken by the Appeal Court, and we see no reason to difi'.ir from it.

In this connection the Appeal Court has taken into account the fact that the goods had become the property of Pakistan by virtue of Art. 6 of the Order so that on the appointed day the goods the shipment of which was the subject matter of the contract were the property of Pakistan. If that be so, we do not see how we cau escape the conclusion that the application of either of the two artificial tests prescribed by Art. 8( 1) will inevitably lead to the conclusion that the contract had been made exclu-sively for the purposes of Pakistan. We have already seen that the tests enunciated by the Bombay High Court in the case of Ohinubhai J eshinghbai (') have been expressly approved by this Court in th\l case of Chaman Lal Laona ('). It is true that in terms the significance of the vesting of the title in the goods by the operation of Art. 6 of the Order to which the Bombay High Court attached considerable importance in the case of Chinubhai Jeshingbhai (') has not been noticed by this Court, and so in that sense it may be permissible to urge that that part of the judgment had not been expressly approved. However, such contention, in our opinion is purely technical. We are inclined to hold that the alternative tests which have been express-ly approved by this Court are wholly consistent with the consideration of ownership to which the Bombay High Court attached importance, and is both relevant and material in the application of the said tests. If the goods which are the subject matter of the contract have become the goods of Pakistan that would be relevant and material fact in considering whether the contract in qmistion if made on· the appointed day would have heen made by Pakistan, or whether Pakistan would have made the said contract if it had been in existence ( l) ( 1952) 54 B.L.R. 561. (2) [1957] S.C.R. 1039.

Scindia SI..,. Navigation CO. Ltd. v. Union of lmlia GajmdratHk•r J.

StilUiia St•am .X<WitaJion C.. Lid. v. Unicn of /niia ·f?ajtniratatil;ar J.

··-... ..... .. \

on the nctual date of the contract. Therefore in our opinion, t~e Appeal Con~t was right in com'ing to the conclus10n that the s111t contract foll within the scope of Art. 8(l){a) and the assumption made by the appellants that Art. S(l)(b) could be invok-ed against the respondent is not well founded.

The noxt question which requires to be con-eidered is whether the appellant·s claim on the alternative ground of the Press Communique is well-founded. Let us first read the Press Com-munique:

"The GO\·ernment of India has been con-sidering for some time the question of arrang-ing for the speedy payment of the outstand-ing claims in respect of supplies and services rendered to the undivided Government of India up to and before the date of partition.

At the time of the partition there was an arrangement between the Dominions that each Dominion would pay the claims arising in its area subject to subsequent adjustment, particularly those rclatin~ to areas now in-cluded in Pakistan, are still outstanding due partly to disturbances in the Punjab and large-scale movement of population and partly to the discontinuance of payment by the Pakistan GO\·ernment, from about the middle of December last owing to diffcr<'ncc of opinion between the two Governments about the liability for these payments. In order to avoid hardship to the suppliers and contractors the Government of India, after careful consideration have decided that they should undertake the initial liability for these payments and reco\·cr Pakistan's share through Debts Settlement."

Mr. Purshottam contends that this Communique

represents an agreement between the two Domin-ions and so under Art. 3( 1) of the Order the appel·

3S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

!ants' claim can be justified on the strength of this agreement alone even if the said claim fails under Art. S(l)(b). The Courts below have held that the appellants had failed to prove that the Communique in question represents an agreement between the two Dominions. They have construed the Com-munique as amounting to no more than uni-J lateral declaration ma.de by the Union to which Art. 3(1) cannot apply. Mr. Purshottam quarrel with the correctness of this conclusion. In support of his argument Mr. Purshottam has taken us through the whole of the relevant correspondence. We may briefly indicate the broad features of the said correspondence. It appears that on July 10, 19i8, the Director-General, Railway Department, • Government of Pakistan, Karachi, wrote to the General Manager, N.W. Railway, Lahore, in regard to the question about the disposal of pre-partition claims outstanding against the undivided Govern-ment of India. In this letter he set out the con-tents of the Press Communique on which the appel-lants rely. The Collector of Stores, Karachi, .-drew attention of the appellants to the said Communique by Jiis letter dated July 19, 194S. In their correspondence with the railway autho-rities the appellants have sometimes descri-bed this Communique as joint press notifica-tion. Similarly, in their letters written to appel-lant 1 the railway authorities in Pakistan also have J described the said Communique as joint notification "said to have been issued by the Dominions of India and Pakistan''. Then we have some letters from the railway authorities in India which would show that the appellants' claim was being considered by them. We have, for instance, letter addressed to the Stores Accounts Officer, E. P. Raihvay, Delhi, by the Headquarters Office at Delhi in which the • -, appellants' chim is indicated at serial numbers ·4 and 5, and the Stores Accounts Officer is asked to deal with it. The Administrative Officer, E. P. Rail-way, Delhi, wrote to appellant 1 to sa_v, that its

1961 Scindia Steam .NaDigation Co. Ltd~ v. Union of India Gajendrag4dk" r ].

&inliia St1om N'1>i1alion Co. Lid. v, Union of 1"'"4 Gaj.Mr.,adkar ].

S UPR.EME COURT REPORTS

3 S.C.R.

ment &n which the appellants relied. Besides, the .it terms of the Communique themselves negative the theory that the Communique represents an agree-ment between the two Dominions. The communi-que expressly refers to the discontinuance of pay-ment by the Pakistan Government from about the middle of December owing to difference of opinion between the two Governments about the liability of -< these payments, and it proceeds to state the decision of the respondent that in order to avoid hardships to suppliers and contractors the respondent had decided that it should undertake initial liability for these payments and recover Pakistan's share through Debt Settlement. That sometimes in the course of the correspondence the Pakistan authori-~ ties referred to the Press Communique as joint • Communique can hardly assist the appellants in showing that the Communique was the result of an agreement between the two Dominions. It is not unlikely that there may have been some agreement between the two Dominions because the conduct of the railway authorities in India can be satisfac-torily explained only on the basis of some agreement or other, but unfortunately the appellants have not ,_,., produced sufficient or satisfactory material to prove their case that there was specific agreement bet-ween the two Dominions which brought into play the provisions of Art. 3(1) of the Order. On the material produced by the appellants the Courts below have made concurrent finding that no such 1 [agreement ][had ][been proved. ][Having ][gone through ]the correspondence to which our attention was drawn we are satisfied that the appellants cannot successfully attack the validity or correctness of the said concurrent conclusion. Therefore, if the theory of an agreement between the two Dominions fails the Press Communique cannot help to sustain the appellants' claim against the respondent. It is not \ suggested by the appellants that the unilateral • -statement which is contained in the Press Communique can itself without anything more help to sustain the appellants' claim.

1961 Scindia Steam Navigation Co. Ltd. v. Union of India Gajdndra1adkar J.

---·~·-.............

Then lllr. Purshottam wanted to cont<>nd that,. the respondent was estopped from disputing its liability under the contract, and he also wanted to urge the ground of no\·atio. His contention was that the facts necessary for the purpose of pleading estoppcl an<l novatio were ;wailable on the record aml in the int~rest of justice he should not be pre-cluded from urging those points on the gro1md that the appdlants had not taken the said points in tho ). trial court. \Ve are not imprcs,cd by this ;irgumeut. There can be no doubt that both the pleas are picas which can be effectively raised only after pleading the relevant and material facts ; aml since no rele-vant or material fact had been m·crrcd in the plaint on which either of tlw t\1·0 picas can be ~ raised and no issue was asked for in the tria I co mt in respect of either of the said picas the Appeal • Court was justified in refusing leave to the appel-lants to raise the said pleas for the first time in appeal. In our opinion, Mr. Purshottam io not right in contending that the Appeal Court was unduly tcl'hnical when it refused leave to tlw appellants tu raise the said picas. We have already seen that on the pleadings as many as elornn issues were , ~ framed by the learned trial judge. The plaint it-self is an elaborately drawn document, and so the appellants cannot Le heard to complain if for their failure to make adequate and proper pleadings they are not lie, wed to raise the plea of cstoppel or novatio :it the appellate Htage. [n our opinion, therefore, the Appeal Court \\·as right in not permit· \ ting tho saicl picas to be raised in appeal.

Scmdia Stta1tt ·.\d::ifation Co. Ltd. V, L'nfon of fniia Gajnidra~aiku J.

In the result the appeal faib and is dismissed with costs.

Sl<boa Rae J. SOBBA RAu, .J.-1 regret my inability to agree in regard to the application of Art. 8(1) of the Indian lndcpe11dence (Rights, Property :rnd Liabi-lities1 Order, l !Hi (hereinafter called the Order), tQ r • the facts of the case.

3S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

The facts are fully stated in the judgment of my learned brother, Gajendragadkar, J. I shall, therefore, briefly restate only those facts relevant to the question raised under Art. 8 (1) of the Order.

1961 Scindia St1am Navigatirm Co. ltd. v. Union of India Subba Rao].

The Eastern Steam Navigation Company had ship called "Azadi". In 1947 the Bombay Steam Navigation Company Ltd., acting on behalf of the Eastern Steam Navigation Company entered into an agreement with the Conservator of Forests, North Kanara, acting on behalf of the North· Western Railway, for the carriage of logs of teak· wood from the forests of Kanara by rail and from Marmagoa by steam ship belonging to the Eastern Steam Navigation Company to Karachi. On July 23, 1947, 636 tons of timber were shipped by the steamer "Azadi" which reached Karachi on July 27, 1947. On August 15, 1947, there was partition of India into two Dominions, India and Pakistan. Before the partition, the North-Western Railway, though its head office was at Lahore, was running its trains through an area of which one part is now in India and the other part in Pakistan. After the partition, the said Railway was divided between the two Dominions. The Indian section of the Railway thereafter came to be known as the Eastern Punjab Railway and the Pakistan section retained its original name. Subssquently, the Eastern Steam Na.vigation Com· pany went into liquidation, and the Bombay Steam Navigation Company merged in the Scindia Steam Navigation Company. The said two Com· panies filed 0. S. No. 232 of 1951 in the High Court of Judicature at Bombay on its Ordinary Original Civil Jurisdiction against the Union of India for recovering sum of Rs. 64,699·6·0, the freight payable to them, but later on reduced their claim to Rs. 44,449/·. Tendolkar, J., who tried the suit, held that the contract was for the purpose of the North Western Railway as whole and, there- · fore, on the appointed day it was not exclusively

Scindui Steam ,,Ya~i1ation Co. Lid. v. L·nio11 of Jndia Subb. Hao).

for the purpose of the Dominion of Pakistan within the meaning of Art. 8 (1) of the Order; and in that. view he held that the suit was maintain-able against the Union of India. On appeal, Chagla, (~. J., and S. T. Desai, J., held that, as on the appointed day the goods belonged to Pakistan, the contract was exclusively for the purpose of the Dominion of Pakistan; with the result, they differed from Tendolkar, .T., and dismissed the suit. Hence the present appeal.

Learned counsel for the appellants contended that the expression "purposes in Art. 8 (I) of the Order relates to the purposes of the contract, that is, the purposes of the North West~mt Hailway, and that tho division bench of the Bombay High Court was clearly wrong in holding that the owncr-ohip of tho goods on the appointed day had any bearing in ascertaining the purposes of the con-tract. To put it differently, the argument was that the purpose of the contract was to supply goods to the Xorth Western Railway, and that on tho appointed day tho entire Korth Western Railway did not fall exclu8ivclv within the Dominion of Pakistan and, therefor~, the purposes of the con-tract were not exclusively for that Dominion.

Learned Attorney-General argued that, as

under Art. 6. of tho Order the goocls which were the subject-mutter of the <:011traet Yested in tho Dominion o( Pakistan on the appointed day, the contract must he held to be for the purpnscs of th.at Dominion .

.As the argument turned upon Art. 8 (I) of tho

Order, it would be convenient a.t the outset to read the same.

Article 8 (I) : Any contract ma.de on behalf of the Governor-General in Council befon· the' appointed day shall. as from that day,-

( 11) if the contmct is for purposes which as from that day arc exclusively purpns0R of

3 S.C.R.

the Dominion of Pakistan, be deemed to have been made on behalf of the Dominion of Pakistan instead of the Governor-General in Council; and

(b) in any other case, be deemed to have been made on behalf of the Dominion of India instead of the Governor.General in Council ; and all rights and liabilities which have accrued or may accrue under any such con-tract shall, to the extent to which they would have been rights or liabilities of the Governor-General in Council, be rights or liabilities of the Dominion of Pakistan or the Dominion of India, as the case may be.

This Court has laid down the true scope and effect of the said Article in Union of lnaia v. Ohaman Lal Loona ([1]). Therein, this Court approved the following observations of Chagla, C. J., in Union of India v. Ohinubhai Jeshingbhai (') :

"The test that must be applied is an

artificial test and the test may be either if the contract has been entered into on August 15, 1947, whether it would have been con-tract for the purposes of the Dominion of Pakistan, or if the Dominion of Pakistan had been in existence when the contract was entered into, whetb.er it would have been contract for the purposes of Pakistan."

In that case the purpose of the contract was to supply fodder to the Manager, Military ]<,arms, Lahore Cantonment, which farms were in Pakistan on the appointed day. This Court, therefore, held that the said contract was exclusively for the purposes of the Dominion of Pakistan as from the appointed day. But the question now raised in this case, namely, that whatever might have been the original purposes of the contract, ·if on (I) [1957] S.C.R. 1039. (2) l.L.R. [1953] Bom. 117. 130.

ScindiaSuam .Navigation Co. W. v. l.inion of India Suhba Rco J.

Scindia S!tant · J.·lfr(~atiori Co. J.tti. V, C'nion of lndi(I Subba Rao ].

..... ~· ... ... , .... -....:...~'

434 SUPRE~IE COURT REPORTS (1962]

the. appointed day t.he goods covered by the said contract had statutorilv vrsted in the Domi-nion of Pakistan, the purposes must hn deemed to be (•xclusi\·c!y those of Pakistan, did not arise for d('cision in that case. That question falls to be cleci<lell in the pl'esent cas(', The test laid down by Art. S ( 1) of the Order, as interpreted by this court, is to ascertain whether, if the con-tract had been entered into on August 15, 194 7, it would l1ave been contract exclusively for tho purposes of Pakistan. Though, by fiction, the date of the contract is shifted to August 15, l94i, there is niJ Rtatutory change in the terms of contract., inclucling the purposes for whirh it w<ts entered into. The purpose of the contract, therefore, has to be ascertained bv the terms of the contract and not by any other extraneous considerations, statutory or otherwise. The scope of the fiction cannot be extended beyond the limits prescribed by the Article.The Article applies not only to executed con-tracts but also to contracts which arc only exe-cutory or which are broken. The expression "pur-poses" shall be given the same meaning in its 'application to the three situations. If the test of statutory vesting of the goods, situatl'cl on the appointed clay in tho Dominion of Pakistan, is applied to the three situations, it would lead to an obvious anomiily. Take the present contract. If it was not executed and tho plaintiffs had to file suit for specific performanc(\ the suit should have been filed i11 India ; if the contract was broken and the plaintiffs had to file suit for <la magcs, it should also have been filed in India. But if the contract was executed and all the goods reached Pakistan on the appointed day, the suit should have been file<! in Pakistan. If it was executed but only portion of the good.-; had reached Pakistan on the appointed day and the other portion happened to he within tho Indian borders, tho suit should have been filed

. ;a ..

3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

in India. This anomaly would not arise if the expression "the purposes of the contract" was given its n'1tural meaning, namely, the purposes for which the contract was entered into, that is, in the present case for supplying goods to the North W cstcrn Railway.

There is fallacy in the argument advanced on behalf of the Union. There is an essential distinction between the purpose of. the contract and the statutory vesting of the goods there· under in one or other of the two Dominions. The purpose of the contract was neither determined nor modified by the subsquent statutory vesting of the goods in the Dominion of Pakistan ; that statutory vesting was part of scheme different from that embodied in Art. 8 of the Order. Article of the Order says :

"The provisions of Articles 4 and 5 of this Order shall apply, in relation to all goods, coins, bank notes and currency notes which immediately before the appointed day are vested in His Majesty for the purposes of the Governor-General in Council or of Province as they applv in relation to land iiO vested." • .

Article 5 (2) says:

"All land which immediately before the appointed day is vested in His Majesty for the purposes of the Province of Bengal shall on that day in the case of land situated in the Province of East Bengal, vest in His Majesty for the purposes of that Province; in the case of land situated in the Province of West Bengal, vest in His Majesty for the purposes of that Province ; and in any other case, vest in His Majesty for the joint pur· poses of those two Provinces."

These provisions have nothing to do with rights

and liabilities of the respective Dominions under

,1961 -·-Scindia Sltam .JVauigation Co. Lti. v. Union of India Suhh• R., J.

· Scittdia SJ~ J\"arigaJiaw Co. 1.td. Y. l/11Uui tJj lrulia S.mha Raa ].

<'ontracts entered into on behalf of the united India with the citizens of that country ; those 0rights arc separately dealt with by Art. 8 and we have to look to its. provisions to asce1tain its import. Articlrs 5 and 6 were enacted as rough and ready mctho(l to prevent disputrs bct\Veen the various Provinces in rrgard to properties, movable, and immovable, situated therein on the appointed day. This was only part of a. sehcme of alloca-tion of assets between the various Provinces.

Further, if the reRpondcnt 's argument be accepted, it would lead to various incongruities. What would be the position if the' head office of the Railway was in Lahore and most of the rail-way lines were in that part of the C:nited India which is now India ? Though the goods were for tho purposes of the Railway and though the f'ntire Hailway fell outside the Dominion of Pakis-tan, the theory of vesting would make tho purposes exclusively for Pakistan. What would be the posi-tion if the entire Railway was in India, and tho goods were sent via Karachi, but on the appointed day they were in Pakistan on thoiI outward journey J to India. ? On the basis of the argument, though in fact the purposes were exclusively for the Domi-nion of India, they would be exchrnivcly those of Pakistan. Conversely, though the purpose of the contract was for railway as whole functioning within an area which is now the Dominion of Paki-stan, and the goods were on the appointed day in the Dominion of India, the iioods would be for the purposes of India, though under the contract they were for the purposeR of the railway which is now wholly in Pakistan. Though in all these cases the purposes of the original contract was for India or for Pakistan, another fiction would have to be introduced to attribute purpose different from the original one depending upon the accidental situs of the goods on the appointed day and also depending upon the exigencies of transit.

3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

Reliance is placed upon the decision of full bench of the Bombay High Court in The Union of Jnrlia v. Cllinu~hai Je.sllingbhai ([1]). There, Chagla; C. J., observed at p. 568 thus:

"It is difficult for us to understand how it is possible to argue that when State or Dominion enters into contract in repsect of property or goods belonging to it, it is not contract for the purposes of that State or Dominion. Sir Jamshedji contends that "for tho. purposes" must be construed to mean "a contract which enures for the benefit of particular Dominion." In our opinion that is not at all the proper test. Once it is con-ceded that property belongs to particular State or Dominion and the State or the Domi-nion enters into contract with third party in respect of that property or goods, then the contract in its very nature is for the purposes of that State or Dominion. Article 8 intro. duces legal fiction and converts by that legal fiction contract which was originally entered into by the Governor-General in Council to contract for the purposes of one Dominion or the other."

There, in March, 19!7, the Government of India had certain quantities of long-cloth for sale as dis-posal of surplus stock, and those goods were lying at the Ordnance Parachute Factory, Lahore. Those goods were purchased by the plaintiffs therein, who were residents of Baroda, by three sale notes exe-cuted on March 10, 1947. The contract was, there-fore, for the purpose of purchasing goods situated in Lahore. The said goods continued under the control of the Dominion of Pakistan after August 15, 1917. In those circumstances, the High Court might have been justified, though I am not expressing my opinion on the same, in holding that the contract was for the purposes of the Dominion of Pakistan.

(I) (1952) 54 Born. L. R. 562.

1961 Scindia SteaTl.I Navigation Cc. Ltd. v. Union of India Subba Ra•].

Scintiia Sltar'll ~Yauitalion •• I.ti. v. L'11io11 of lndi11

One of the learned Judges, who WM party to that decision. did ,not understand the decision to lay down that whatever might ha\·e been the original purpose of the contract the statutory Hitus of the goods in respect of which the said contract was entered into would ha vc the effect of making it purpose of that Dominion in which the said goods were situaterl on the appointed day; for, in the present caBe, he held that, though the goods were in Pakistan on the appointed day, the contract was not for the purposes which were exdush·ely for the purposes of the Dominion of Pakistan. Though this question dirl not directly foll to be decided in Cnion of India v. Chmrum Lal Laona ([1]}, some obser-,·at ions made bv this Court in different context may usefully L'e referred to. Thore, though the fodder was supplied to the Military Farms at L"lhore, in the ,Joint Defcnc~ Council had powers of control oYer it and to Hend it to whichcvn place they wanted it to Le Bent. On that basis it was cont-ended that thP purpose of tlw contract was not for the purpose exclusively for the Dominion of Pakistan. This Court in rejecting the contention observed thus :

"We say this with great respect, but this line of reasoning appears to us to be due to la<'k of proper appreciation of tho distinction between tho 'purposes of the contract' and the 'ultimate disposal of the goods' supplied 11nder the contract. The purpose of the contract is not determiner! nor modified by the ulti· mate disposal of the good• rnppliPd under the contract, nor evpn by the powers of control exorcised over the goods after the contract had Leen performed by tho respondent."

On the Mme re'l.soning it may also be held that the purpose of the contract is different fom the statu-tory vesting of the goods covered Ly the contract in particular Dominion. I, therefore, hold on <ll [1957J s.c.R. 1039, 1050.

3 S.C.R.

fair reading of the provisions of Art. 8 of the Order that the purposes of contract shall be for the pur-poses mentioned in the contract, though either of the Dominions would have to be substituted for the Government of the United of India, having regard to the fact whether the said purposes would be attributable exclusively to the Dominion of Pakistan. If so, the simple question would be, what were the purposes of the contract ? After ascertain. ing.the same it is to be found out whether on the appointed day those purposes were exclusively for tho Dominion of Pakistan. The correspondence between the Conservator of Forests, who was acting ·on behalf the North Western Railway, and the ap. pellants, and the bill of lading show that the Com. pany agreed to carry the goods for the North Wes-tern Railway, Karachi, and that the freight was to be paid by the said Railway. Now the original North Western Railway admittedly covered an area pa.rt of which is now in Pakistan and the other part in India. It is an accident that the old name is retain· ed by that part of the Railway now in Pakistan and new name is given to that part which is now in India. It may well have been that the Pakista.n part of the Railway was also given new name. Therefore, the fact that the Pakistan sector of the old Railway retains its old name does not affect the question. It is the substance that matters .and not the form. The purpose of the contract was to convey the goods to that Railway which is now in both the Dominions and, therefore, the purposes of the contrart were not exclusively for the Domi-nion of Pakistan. If so under Art. 8(1 )(h) of the Order, the contract shall be deemed to have been made on behalf of the Dominion of India instead of the Governor-General in Council, and the liability accrued under the contract shall be the liability of the Dominion of India.

In.thA result, the decree of the High Court is set aside and' that of Tendolkar, J., is restored. Th~ appeal is allowed with costs throughout.

Sc:india Suam ]{evigation Co. LtrJ . v. Union of India Subba Rao. J.

]'~] SriUia s ..... N~igation Co. W. v. Uniun of India Suolw HM 7.

IHI

BY CouRT : In accordance with the judgmP-nt of the majority of the Court, the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs.

Appeal dismissed.

BHAG\VAN DAYAL

MST. REOTI DEVI (P. B. GAJENDRAGADK.lR, K. SrrBRA R•o 11nd M. Hl:I>AYATUI.LAH, J.T.)

R<aJvd1cata-Suit in Ret•""" Court-Queation of propri-•tary title referred lo Civil Gourt--Decru-Subsequent auit in'Cit'il Court for declaration of title--Whether decrr£ of Revenue Court op•rntt.< aa re• jwiiwta -Code of Citil Prowlurr, 1908 (Act V of 11108), 1. II.

!Fnd" T.aw-.Toint family-Prwimption ,... to joinl1te111-8tparation-Re-union, proof of-lrhelh<r m•mb•r> of different bra,.che" can acquir. prop•rly a1joinl llindufamily property.

One I. \V&S living voith his sons K and J in the village. lie was not in affluent circurnstances. K left the ancestral home; he first joined military service and then police srrvice. He gave up service and started business with his savings. He brought his nephews R (husband of the respondent) and (appellant) at different limes and allowed them to take part in the bminess. At his death K left will bequeathing all his prope11ies to his two nephews. After the death of R, his widow, the respondent, filed suit againc;c B, the appellant in Revenue Court under the U.P. Tenancv Act, for half share of the inco:ne of •ome of the villages left by K. As dispute aro<e as to proprietary title the Revenue Court framed an issue there on and referred it to the Civil Court a< required by the Act. The Civil Court held that the respondenr had half share in the vilhl.ges and on the bac;is of this finding the Revenue Court decreed the suit. Thoreafter, l~e ap~ellant filed the present suit in Civil Court for declaration that he was the absolute owner of all the properties io suit. His case wru that L, his sons and descen<lanrs constituted joint f{iudu family, that there \\'a'i never any partition in the family, that K, R and jointly started business and thev joinrly acquired .some properties during the lire time of K, some after the death of Kand some after the death of R, that the said pro-perties were joint family properties and chat he as the survivor was the absolute owner of all the propertie;. Alternatively,