STATE OF BIHAR AND ANOTHER versus KUNDAN SINGH AND ANOTHER

196J Apa 2s.

882 SUPREME dOURT REPORTS [1964] VOL.

STA1'E OF BIHAR AND ANOTHER

KUNDAN SINGH AND ANOTHER

(P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, K. N. WANOHOO, · and K. C. DAS GUPTA JJ.)

Land A.cqusition-Part of the property acquired-Land Acquistion Officer fixes compenBation by award-Reference-.Uespondent raises objection-No applir.ation filed before award-Whether maintainable-Scope of reference-Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (No. 1of1894), ss. 18, 23, 49.

The appellant acquired plot of land on which the respondent's property stands, consisting of the main house and an outhouse with an open space in front of them. The land acquired covered space 50 ft. in width for the electric wire to run over and this included portion of the open space as also the .outhouse. The Land Acquisition Officer fixed compensation of Rs. 4,451/5/6. Not being satisfied with this award the·respondents appealed under s. 18 of the Land Acqui-sition Act, 1894. One of the grounds taken in the petition for reference was that the other lands and buildings contiguous to the Jarid and building acquired which belonged to them had not . been acquired, they had to suffer huge loss, the. electric' rope-line passed close to the rest of the property and ro it ·could not be used. as it might be dangerous for human habi-tation. On this basis compensation of about Rs. 21,765/8/· which had been spent in the constructions of the principal house was claimed

Before the District Judge, on reference, Respondent No. I gave evidence that he had made an application before the award was given for the payment of the higher compensation on the above 'lated g10und. The District Judge considered this ground and held that since only narrow strip of land was left in front of the main building its utility was deminished and award~d an additional compensation of Rs. 1,000/-. The respondents preferred an appeal to the High Court in which they prayed for declaration that the Land Acquisition Officer should acquire the main building along with the oiher proper-ties acquired. The present appellant contended that the res-pondents should not be allowed to raise this contention

because this pica could have been raised by them only under s. 49 of the Act and the plea was foreign to the scope of the reference out of which the aµpeal arose. It was also contended that his plea wa• not taken before the Land Acquisition Officer. The High Court rejected these contentions of the Appellants and granted the declaration a• prayed for by the re•pondeni.. The present appeal is by way of certificate granted by the High Court.

Substantially the same contentions as were raised before the High Court were raised in this appeal before this Court.

Held that the claim was made by the respondents under s. 23 of the Act and not under s. 49 and what they have in fact done is to claim additional compensation under s. 23 (l).

It is clear that the scope of the enquiry under s. 18 (I) is specifically indicated by the section itself and the grounds on which objection can be taken. The Court cannot con•ider the pleas raised by the owner of the property under s. 49 in an enquiry under s. 18 (1).

The scheme of s. 49 is that the owner has to express his desire that the whole of hi• house should be. acquired before the award is made and once such desire is expressed the procedure pre•cribed by s. 49 ha• to be followed. This proce-dure is distinct and separate from the procedure which has to be followed in m 1king .i reference under s. 18. In the present case the respondents have not taken any steps to e·xpress their desire that the whole of their house should be acquired and it was not open to the High Court to allow them to raise this point in appeal which arose out of an order passed by the DistrictJudge under s. 18 .

.C..se law reviewed.

Pramatha Nath Mullick v. Secretary of State for India in Couneil, ·(1929) L. R. 57 I. A. 100. The Secretary of State for India in Council, v. R. Narayanaswami Chettiar, (1931) I. L. R. 55 Mad. 391, dis!inguished.

Krishna Das Roy v. The Land Acquisition Collector of Pabna, (191!) 16 C. W. N. ~27.

CrvJL APPELLATE JumsmcTION : Ci\'.il Appeal

No. 219 of 1962.

Stat1 of Bih.r •. Kunda Siritli

J96J Stall ef Bihar v. K.,,.dan SU.th

Appeal from the judgment and decree dated August 31, 1960 of the Patna High Court in Appeal from Original decree No. 7 of 1955.

· B. Sen, J. B. Dadaohanji, 0. 0. Mathur and Ravinder Narain, for the appellants.

B. R. L. Iyengar, 8. K. Mehta and K. L. Mehta, for the respondents.

1963. April 25. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

GAJENDRAGADKAR J.-This appeal arises out.

GaJndr!JllldluJr '·

of proceedings unc;ler the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (No. 1 of 1894) (hereinafter called 'the Act'). The respondents owned an area of 0.12 acre of land in viii age Bermo No~ 18 in the district of Hazaribagh. This land was required for the cons-truction of Aerial. Rope.way for Bokaro Thrrmal Power Plant, and so, in order to acquile the said land, declaration under s. 4 of the Act was made on August 9, 1952. The property of the respondents which stands on this plot consists of two buildings, one is the main structure and the other is made up of out-houses together with an open space of land in front of these structures. The notification showed that the Government thought it necessary, to acquire space of 50 ft in width for the electric wire to f"Un over and this included portion of open space as also the out-houses of the respondents. Under.the proceedings taken under the relevant provisions of the Act, the Land Acquisition Officer fixed ·the compensation to be paid to the respondents at Rs. 4,451/5/6; according to him, the said amount represented fair and reasonable compensation for the land together with the out-houses under acquisi-tion.

The respondents were not satisfied with this award, and so, they applied for reference under s. 18

3 S.C.R.

of the Act. One of the grounds taken by the respon·

dents in para 1 (d) of their petition for reference was that the other lands and buildings contiguous to the land and building acquired which belonged to them had not been acquired, and in consequence, they had to suffer huge loss; the rope-line passes close to the rest of the property, and so, it could not be used for fear of its being dangerous for human habitation. On this basis, the respondents alleged that they were entitled to recover as compensation amount Rs. 21, 765/8/- which they had spent on the construc-tion ef the principal building. Besides, they urged that the monthly rent of Rs. 160/- which they were receiving from the tenants in respect of the said . principal building would also be lost and they were entitled to adequate compensation on that account. In other words, one of the grounds raised by the respondents in their petition was referrable to s. 23 (3) of the Act.

The Deputy Commissioner of Hazaribagh then proceeded to make the reference as claimed by the • respondents. In his letter of reference, he stated that the respondents were claiming additional compensa-tion on the ground that the other lands and buildings contiguous to the land and building acquired which they owned had not been acquired and thereby they had to suffer huge loss.

On refernce, the District Judge of Hazaribagh heard the matter. It appears that befon: the District Judge, Kundan Singh, respondent No. 1, gave evidence and stated that on October 22, 1952, he had put in an application that the other quarters belong-ing to him which had not been acquired should also be acquired, because the said quarters were contiguous to the land acquired and had become useless to the respondents. The learned District Judge considered the point raised by the respondents and held that since only narrowlH! Sl<tc of lwr v. K •""'• s;.,11 --

1903 Sl.U •f au.., •• '"""""' Si•gh G•J-.,.il:• J.

strip of land had been left in front of the larger building, it had affected the utility of the said build-ing and the other unacquired land of the respondents, and so, he directed that in addition to the amount of Rs. 4,451/5/6 which had been determined as the amount of compensation by the Land Acquisition Officer, Rs. 1000/- should be paid to the respondents. In his opinion, the amounts determined by the Acquisition Officer for the property actually acquired was quite appropriate and all that was needed to be done was to award an .additional amount of Rs. 1,000/- on the ground that the unacquired pro-perty was adversely affected by the acquisition in question.

The respondents then preferred an appeal before the High Court of Patna under s. 54 of the Act. In their appeal, the only ground which they urged was that the rope-way having completely spoiled the main building, the Land Acquisition Officer could not acquire the out-houses without acquiring the ·main building. Accordingly, they claimed decla· ration that the Land Acquisition Officer should acquire the main building along with the other properties under acquisition. When this plea was raised before the High Court, the appellants, the State of Bihar and the Deputy Commissioner, Hazaribagh, contended that it was not open to the respondents to claim declaration for the acquisition of other properties in their appeal, because the said appeal arose out of reference under s. 18 of the Act and plea like the one raised by the respondents which could be made under s. 49 of the Act, was foreign to the present enquiry. It was also con-tended that this point had not been taken by the res-pondents either before the Land Acquisition Officer or before the District Judge. These arguments were rejected by the High Court and direction has been issued by the High Court calling upon the Land Acc1uisition Officer to take over the remaining ar.ea

3 S.C.R.

and the building and assess the compensation thereon in due course according to law. The High Court has ordered that when the said assessment is thus deter-mined, the additioual compensation of Rs. 1,000/-which has been allowed by the District Judge should be deducted and the balance paid to the respondents. It is against this order that the appellants have come to this Court with certificate issued by the High Court; ap.d. the principal question which has been raised before us by Mr. Sen on behalf of the appel-lants is that the High Court was in error is allowing s. 49 to be invoked in the appeal before it.The first point which must be considered in dealing with the appellants' argument is whether the respondents had made an application to the Land Ac-quisition Officer under s. 49 of the Act as alleged by respondent No. I in his evidence before the District Judge. We have already noticed that respondent No. 1 stated in his evidemce that on October 22, 1952 he had put in an application that the other quarters should also be acquired. In other words, his plea was that the said application had been made invoking the provisions of s. 49 of the Act after the date of the notification and before the award was made on November 27, 1952. The judgment of the District judge shows that he did not accept this plea, and so, he proceeded to deal witli the ca.~e on the basis that the respondents were claiming addi-tional compensation either under the third or the four-th clause of s. 23 (I) of the Act. If he had held that an application had been made by the respondents under s. 49 of the Act before the award was made· and they were asking for relief under that provision, he would, undoubtedly, have considered the matter and recorded his conclusion on it. Therefore, it would not be unreasonable to assume that the District Judge did not attach any importance to the statement made by respondent No. 1 that he had put in an application under s. 49, or it may be that ath

196J Stot1 of Bih•1 v. Ir unJ~n Sin th

Sim ef .liltor y, CUNI .. SU.th

G•J-•pJhw J.

388 SuPREME COURT REPORTS [1964] vat.

respondents merely pressed their claim for additiQJ1al compensation under s. 23 l>efere the learned Dis-trict Judge.

When the matter was argued before the High Court, the appellants seriously disputed the allega-tion of the respondents that an application had been made to the Land Acquisition Officer under s. 49. It is true that the statement of respondent No. 1 that .he had made such an application was not challanged in cross-examination, but it is remarkable that the said statement does not appear to have been pressed before the District Judge and when it was attempted to be pressed before the High Court, the application alleged to have been made by respondent No. 1 was not produced before or shown to the High Court at all. In fact, no such application has been printed in the paper-book prepared for this Court in the present appeal. The High Court also does · not appear to have made any definite finding that the statement of' respondent No. 1 could be accepted. It has, however, held that the claim made by the res-pondents when they asked for reference under s.18 sho-wed that they were asking for protection under s.49 of the Act and it is on the basis of the said claim con-tained in para. 1 (d) of the respondents' petition under s. 18 of the Act that the High Court came ta the conclusion that the respondents had relied upon s. 49 before the Land Acquisition Officer. We have already referred to the ground taken by the respon-dents in para l ( d) of their petition and have noticed that the claim made under the said ground was under s. 23 of the Act and not at all under s. 49; and so, we are not prepared to accept Mr. Iyenger's argu-ment that the present appeal should be dealt with on the basis that the respondents had made an applica-tion to the Land Acquisition Officer under s. 49 of the Act before he pronounced his award. By their application for reference, the respondents merely claimed additional compensation under s. 23(1) and

3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

·-if iiluu.

\ tliat is how . their claim was considered and decided by the learned District Judge.·· It is in the light of this finding . that we have to determine the question . · · as to whether the High Court could have entertained the respondents' plea under s. 49 in the appeal pre-ferred before it by the respondents against the deci-sion of the District jUO.ge in reference proceedings taken before him under s. 18 of the Act.

Sl•ll if iiluu. . "· Eu1iia Sin14 Gt1j1Mr111a&r J.

In determining the question about the scope of . the enquiry under s. 18, Jt is necessary to consider the relevant provisions of the Act. Section 4 of the .Act deals with the publication of preliminary notifica-tion in regard to the acquisition proceedings proposed to be taken. Section f>-A deals with the hearing of objections. Section 6 provides for the .declaration . that pa.rticular land is required for public pur-pose. Section 9 requires notice to be given to the persons interested in the said property. Section 11 prescribes the manner of the enquiry and provides for the making . of the. . award by the Collector. Section 12 lays down that the award, when made, shall be filed in the Collector's office and . shall be final, as therein prescribed. Section 16 empo-wers the Collector to take P.Ossession of the property acquired, and s. 18 deals with reference to Court. In dealing with the claim for compensation made by the owner of the property, the.Court has to consider the matters specified in s. 23. The third clause of s. 23 ( l} provides that in determining the amount of · compensation, the Court shall take into account the damage ·(if any), sustained by the person interested; at the time of the Collector's taking possession . of the )and, by reason of severing such land from his other land; and the fourth clause requires the Court to take into account the damage (if any), sustained by tile person interested, at the time of the Collector's taking possession of the land, by reason of the acquisition injuriously affecting his other property, movable or ~mmovable, in any other manner1 or his earriin~s •.

St•t• of Billar v. undars Singh Gaj1ntlr~1adkar J,

Section 18 (1) provides that any person interest-ed who has not accepted the award may, by written application to the Collector, require that the matter be referred by the Collector for the determination of the Court, whether his objection be to the measure-ment of the land, the amount of the compensation, the persons to whom it is payable, or the apportion-ment of the compensation among the persons interested. It is thus clear that the scope of the enquiry under s. 18 ( 1) is specifically indicated by the section itself. The objections which the Court can consider on reference made to it under s. 18 may be either in respect cif the measure-ment of the land, the amount of compensation, the persons to whom it is payable, and the apportionment of the compensation among different persons. In dealing with the question about the amount of compensation, the Court may have to take into account the matters specified in s. 23. As was observed by the Privy Council in Pramatha Nalh Mullick v. Secretary of State for India ('), the section clearly specifies four different grounds of objection which can be the subject-matter of an enquirv in reference proceedings. Therefore, it is very difficult to accede to Mr. lyengers' argument that in dealing with the reference proceedings under s. 18.(1 ), the Court can also consider the pleas raised by the owner of the property under s. 49 of the Act. It does appear that the owner of property under acquisition· may claim additional compensation on the ground that the portion of the property acquired so materially affects· the value or the utility of his other property not acquired as to justify claim for additional compensation under s. 23, and if such claim is made, it would legitimately form the subject· matter of an enquiry in reference under s. 18 (1), •but if the owner of the property wants to claim ·that the whole of his property should be acquired, and in that connection relies on the provisions~of s. 49, that cannot be introduced in an enquiry under section 18 ; (I) \1929) L. R, 57 I, A, IOI>.

such claim must form the subject-matter of different proceedings taken by the owner under s. 49 itself.

That takes us to s. 49. Section 49 reads thus :

" ( 1) The Provisions of this Act shall not

be put in force for the purpose of acquiring part only of any house, ,manufactory or other building, if the owner desires that the whole of such house, manufactory or building shall be so acquired:

Provided that the owner may, at any time

before the Collector has made his award under section 11, by notice in writing, withdraw or modify his expressed desire that the whole of such house, manufactory or building shall be so acquired:

Provided also that, if any question shall arise as to whether any land proposed to be taken under this Act does or does not form part of house, manufactory or building within the meaning of this section the Collector shall refer the determination of such question to the Court and shall not take possession of such land until after the question has been determined.

In deciding on such reference the Court shall have regard to the question whether the land proposed to be taken is reasonably required for the full and unimpaired use of the house, manufactory or building.

(2) If, in the case of any claim under

section 23, sub-section (I), thirdly, by person interested, on account of the severing of the land to be acquired from his other land. the (appropriate Government) is of opinion that the claim is unreasonable or excessive, it may, at

S1411 of llilw v. KuAi .. SU.,k Gajwlrqa"'4r J.

1969 St<11 ef IJihM •• Kut1ian Sintli G.j,.Jroz..UC.r J,

392 SUPRENm COURT REPORTS [1964] VOL.

any time before the Collector has made his award, order the acquisition of the whole of the land of which the land first sought to be acquired forms part.

(3) In the case last hereinbefore provided for, no fresh declaration or other proceedings under sections 6 to 10, both inclusive, shall be necessary ; but the Collector shall without delay furnish copy of the order of the (appropriate Government) to the person inter-ested, and shall thereafter proceed to make his award under section 11.

The provisions of s. 49 (1) prescribe, inter alia, definite prohibition against putting in force any of the provisions of the Act for the purpose of acquiring part only of any house, if the owner desires that the whole of such house shall be acquired. This pro-hibition unambiguously indicates that if the owner expresses his desire that the whole of the house should be acquired, no action can be taken in respect of part of the house under any provision of the Act, and this suggests that where part of the house is proposed to be acquired and notification is issued in that' behalf, the owner must make up his mind as to whether he wants to allow the acquisition of part of his house . or not. If he wants to allow the partial acquisition, proceedings would be taken under the relevant provisions of the Act and an award directing the payment of adequate compensa· · tion would be made and would be followed by the taking of possession of the prop:rty ac,quired. If, on the other hand, the owner desires that the whole of the house should be acquired, he should indicate his desire to the Land Acquisition officer and all further proceedings under the relevant provisions of the Act must stop. This provision thus seems to suggest that if an objection is intended to be raised to the acquisition of part of the house. it must be

3 S.C.R.

made before an award is made under s. 11-. In fact, it should be made soon after the initial notification is published under s. 4 ; otherwise, if the proceedings under the relevant provisions of the Act are allowed to be taken and an award is made, it would create unnecessary confusion and complications if the owner at that stage indicates that he objects to the acquisi-tion of part of his house ; at that stage, it would no doubt be open to him to claim adequate com-pensation in the light of the material provisions of s. 23 of the Act, but that is another matter.

The first proviso to s. 49 ( 1) also leads to the same conclusion. If the owner has made his objec-tion to the acquisition of part of his house, it is open to him to withdraw or modify his objection before an award is made under s. 11 ; and if he withdraws his objection, further proceedings will follow and if he modifies his objection, steps will have to be taken as indicated in the other provisions of s. 49. This proviso, therefore, suggests that the objection of the owner to acquisition of part of his house has to be considered and dealt with before an award is made under s. 11.

It would be noticed that if am objection is made by the owner under s. 49 (1), the Collector may decide to accept the objection and accede to the desire of the owner to acquire the whole of the house. In that case, further proceedings will be taken. on the basis that the whole of the house is being acquired. In some cases, the Collector may decide to withdraw acquisition proceedings altogether, because it may be thought not worthwhile to acquire the whole of the house ; in that case again, nothing further remains to be done and the notification issued has merely to be withdrawn or cancelled. But cases may arise where the Collector may not accept the claim of the ownrr that what is being acquired is part of the house ; in that case, the matter in dispute has to be

St1!11 of Bilrar v. KuniM Singh Gsj1n4ldg11dlr4r .J.

S11t1 ef BiMr v. K11tula11 Si11gk GajlltdrCgadkar I.

ju.dicially determined, and that is provided for by the second proviso to s. 49 (1). Under this proviso, the Collector is under an obligation to refer the matter to the Court and he shall not take possession of the land under acquisition until the question is deter-mined by the Court. In dealing with this matter, the Court has to have regard to the question as to whether the land proposed to be taken is reasonably required for the full and unimpaired use of the ·house.

Sub-s. (2) of s. 49 seems· to contemplate that where land is acquired and it is shown to form part of house, it would be open to award to the owner of the house additional compensation under the third clause of s. 23, and so, this sub-section deals with cases where the claim made by the owner of the house under the third clause of s. 23 is excessive or unreasonable, and. provides that the appropriate Government may decide to acquire the whole of the land of which the land first sought to be acquired forms part rather than agree to pay an unreasonable or excessive amount of compensation as claimed by the owner. This provision also emphasises the fact that where land is acquired and it results in the acquisition of part of the house connected with the land, the owner can make claim for additional compensation under s. 23, or he may require, before the acquisition ha:s taken place, that the whole of the house should be acquired. These are two alternative remedies available to the owner ; if he wants to avail himself of the first remedy under s. 23, he may make claim for additional compensation in that behalf and such claim would form the subject-matter of an enquiry under s. 18 ; if, on the other hand, he claims the other alternative remedy provided bys. 49 (I), that must form the subject·matter of another proceeding which has to be dealt with under s. 49 itself. It is true that in cases of dispute, this matter ;ilso goes t© the same Co1Jrt for its decision on

3 S.C.R.

reference by the Collector ; but though the Court is the same the proceedings taken are different and separate and must be adopted as such. claim under s. 49 wl).ich can be properly tried by the Court on reference made to it by the Collector under the second proviso to s. 49 ( l ), cannot be mixed µp with claim which can be made in reference proceedings sent to the Court under s. 18 by the Collector.

Section 49 (3) merely dispenses with the necessity · of issuing further fresh declaration or adopting other proceedings under sections 6 to 10 m regard to cases falling under s. 49 (2).

Thus, it would be seen that the scheme of s. 49 is that the owner has to express his desire that the whole of his house should be acquired before the award is made, and once such desire is expressed, the procedure prescribed by s. 49 has to be followed. This procedure is distinct and separate from the procedure which has to be followed in making reference under s. 18 of the Act. In the present case, the respondents have taken no steps to express their desire that the whole of their house should be acquired, and so, it was not open to the High Court to allow them to raise this point in appeal which arose from the order passed by the District Judge on reference under s. 18. That being our view, we do not think necessary to consider the respondents' contention that what is acquired in the present pro-ceedings attracts the provisions of s. 49 ( 1).

It now remains to consider two relevant deci-sions which were cited before us. In the Secretary .of State for India in Coimcil v. Narayanaswamy Chettier ('), the Madras High Court appears to have taken the view that there is nothing in s. 49 requir-ing the claimant to put forward his particular claim, viz., that the whole of his house should be acquired, at any particular stage of the proceedings. . Referring

\I) (1931) I, L. ll. "M'.14. 3911

1963 ~·tat1 of Bihar •• Ii t1'ltlan _, ingh

196J St•l1 of 8ihar •• K•nion Si1>;1" G•jt"'1r•ea/M' J.

to s. 49 (1). Ramesam Off. C.J.; observed that the said clause cannot imply that the claims covered by it should be made before the Collector makes his award. Cornish J., who delivered concurrent judgment agreed with this view. It appears that in coming. to this conclusion, both the learned Judges referred to the special circumstances under which the claimant made his claim under s. 49 on September, 29, that is to say, after the award. and those special circumst;:inces clearly showed that the claimant was not to blame for the delay made by him in expressing his desire under s. 49 ( 1). In our opinion, however, the scheme of s. 49 is clear. Section 49 (1) has imposed ·ban on taking any fur· 1 [ther action under ][_any ][of the provisions ][of ][the ][Act ]where the owner expresses desire that the whole of his house. should be acquired, and that clearly indicates that after the relevant notifications are issued under sections 4 and 6, if it appears to the owner of the land under acquisition that part of his house is being acquired, he has to express his desire before an award is made under s. 11 ; otherwise if the owner · allows proceedings to be taken under the provisions of the Act and an award follows, it would lead to unnecessary complications if the owner is allowed to express his desire under s. 49 (1) and the reference is then required to be made under the second proviso to s. 49 (I). Logically, if an enquiry has w be made as contemplated bys. 49, it must precede any further action under the other provisions of the Act, and that is the main basis cif the man· datory prohibition prescribed bys. 49 (1). The said prohibition coupled with the first proviso to s. 49 ( 1) . leads to the conclusion that the owner cannot take recourse to s. 49 after an award is made under s. 11 of the Act. In our opinion, therefore, the High Court did not correctly interpret the effect of s. 49 ( 1) when it held that the said section did not require the the claimant to put forward his claim. before the 11ward was ma,de,

In Krishna Das Roy v. The Land Acquisition Collector of Pabna ('), the Calcutta High Court, on the other hand, seems to have taken the view and we think, rightly, that if the owner wants to make an application expressing his desire under s. 49 (1 ), he has to make that application some time before the award is actually made.

The result is, the appeal is allowed, the order passed by the High Court is set aside and that of the District Judge restored. There will be no order as to costs.

Appeal all~.

DARYA SINGH AND OTHERS

ST ATE OF PUNJAB

(P. B. G..1.JENDRAGADKA.R, K. N. WANOHOO, and K. C. DAS GUPTA JJ.)

Criminal Trial-Murder-Eye wit11eBse8 relativeA of t4e Vietim-J;tiidence of interested and hostile wit11ts•eA-Neculity of corroboration-Exercise of powers of the court under s. 5'9 of the Code ofCriminal Procwure-Indian Penal Code (Act }(LV of 1860) s. 302-Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (.4.et 6 of 1898), ... 172, 640.

The appellants alongwith their brother Ratti Ram were alleged to have committed the ·murder of Inder Singh by inflict· ing 1erious injuries with lathi and gandasa. The prosecution case was that while he was being assaulted, lnder Sin raised an alaram, upon which his brother Dalip Singh (P.W.2), his wife Dharam Devi (P.W.4) and his son Shamsher Singh (P.W.3) rushed to the scene of the offence but out of fear they had not the courage to go to the rescue of the victim. After

(1) (llllt Ii CJ; W, N. U7,

IHS Stal• of Billar •• Ku.U. SU.zh G•j1nita11t/Ur J.

196> Af>ri 125.