GODAWARI S. PARULEKAR AND ORS. versus STATE OF MAHARASHTRA

GODAWARI S. PARULEKAR AND ORS.

STATE OF MAHARASHTRA

January 17, 1966 [P.B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, C.J., J.C. SHAH, S.M. SIKRI, V. RAMASWAMI AND P. SATAYANARAYANA RAJU, JJ]

Defence of India Rules, 1962, r. 30---Stare Government whether can ezerclse authority to order detention delegated by It to Disrrlct Magistrat~ D1tmtion order passed during pend1ncy o/ habeas corpus proceedings whether vitiated by malice In law.

The appellant was detained from November 1962 onwards under vari-c ous detention orders. She was released on February 4, 1964 but as soon u she came out of the prison gates, she was served with fresh order of detention dated February 3, 1963 issued by the State Oavernmcnt under r. 30 of the Defence of India Rules, 1962. She was detained with view to prevent her from acting in manner prejudicial to the defence of India, the public safety and maintenance of public order. petition filed by the appellant under Art. 226 of the Constitution against her detention under the said order was dismissed by the High Coun. The appellant came to this Court by special leave.

It was contended on behalf Of the appellant : (I) The State Gov-munent having delegated its powers under r. 30 to District Magistrate by notification dated 9th November 1962, it was not competent to pass an order of detention under r. 30. (2) The order of detention was bad because two ministers cannot legally jomtly pass an order of detention. (3) The Order of detention was vitiated by malice in law. (4) The High Coun should have insisted on an affidavit from the Ministers. (5) There was no material to show that there was an apprehension that maintenance of public order would be prejudicially affected.

HELD : There was no infirmity in the order under which the petitioner was detained.

(i) By delegating its power under r. 30 to District Magistrates the State Government was not itself denuded of the power to act under r. 30. (317 HJ

Huth v. Clarke, 25 Q.B.D. 391, relied on.

King Emperor v. Slhnat/1 Banerje, 72 I.A, 241, distinguished and explained.

(ii) There is no difficulty in two Ministers successively being satisfied that it is necessary to detain person for different reasons and then their decision being carried out by one order of detention duly authenticated. (318 DJ

Godavarl Sarnrao Parulekar v. State of Maharashtra, (1964) 6 S.C.R. 446, referred to.

(iii) The mere fact that the detention order is passed during the pendency of habeas co~pus. l'roceedings c.ann~t by itself lead to the con· clusion that the order is v1llated by mahce m law. If the Government considers an order of detention, which is the subject-matter of challenge, to be invalid, there is no reason why it should not pass valid order. (319 B·Dl

Naranjan Singh Nathawan "· State of Punja/J, [19521 S.C.R. 395, relied

(iv) Whether an affidavit by the Ministers concerned waa necessary or not was for the High Court to consider.

(v) The Court could not go into to the question whether the material before the detaining authority was sufficient or not.

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal Nos. 142-149. and 225-227 of 1964.

Appeals from the judgment and orders dated April 13, 1964 of the Bombay High Court in Criminal Applications Nos. 180-182,. 189, 190, 191, 193 and 194 and 195 to 197of1964 respectively.

R. K. Garg, for appellant (in Cr. A. No. 142/1964).

The appellants appeared in person.

N. S. Bindra and B. R. G. K. Achar, for the respondents . .

. Sikrl, J. These appeals by certificate granted by the Bombay High Court are directed against its judgment dated April 13, 1964 in applications filed by the applicants under art. 226 of the Consti-tution, and s. 491 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Criminal Appeal No. 143 of 1964 has become infructuous because the appellant, S. V. Parulekar, has died.

Mr. R. K. Garg appears on behalf of the appellanUn Criminal Appeal No. 142 of 1964. It is common ground that the points arising in all the appeals are common, and in order to appreciate the points, it would be sufficient if the facts in Criminal Appeal No. 142 of 1964, relevant to the arguments addressed to us, are only given. The relevant facts given in paragraphs 2 and 3 of the affidavit filed by the Under Secretary to the Government of Maharashtra are as follows:

"2. With reference to paragraph 1 of the said Petition I · say that the petitioner was detained under order dated the 7th November 1962 issued by the District Magistrate, Thana, under the Preventive Detention Act 1950. On 10th November, 1962, the Government of Maharashtra revoked the order of detention dated the 7th November 1962 issued by the District Magistrate, Thana, and the revo-cation order was served on the petitioner on the 11th November 1962. Thereafter the petitioner was served with another order of detention dated the 10th November 1962 issued by the Government of Maharashtra under Rule 30 of the Defence of India Rules, 1962. Further by its order dated the 25th September 1963, the Government of Maharashtra cancelled the said order of detention dated the 10th November 1962 and in pursuance of the said cancellation order the petitioner was released from deten-

tion on 27th September 1963. After she actually came out of the Yeravda Central Prison gates and was free woman, the fresh orders of detention and committal dated the 25th September 1963 issued by the Government of Maharashtra were served on her and she was again detained in the Y eravda Central Prison, Yeravda Poona. Thereafter, by its order dated the 3rd February, 1964, the Government of Maharashtra cancelled its order of detention dated the 25th September 1963 and the petitioner was again released on the 4th February 1964. After she actually came out of the Arthur Road District Prison gates and was free woman, she was served with fresh order of detention dated the 3rd February 1964 issued by the Government of Maharashtra under rule 30 of the Defence of India Rules 1962 and re-detained with view to prevent her from acting in manner prejudicial to the defence of India, the public safety and maintenance of public order. The last two orders of cancellation and detention dated the 3rd February 1964 are attached to the said petition as Annexures and B, respectively.

3. With reference to paragraph 2 of the said petition I say that what is stated therein is generally correct. I further say that the petitioner is Communist belonging to the Ranadive Group, which maintains that China has not committed any aggression on India and which actively propagates that view."

The High Court of Bombay held that the detention of the appellant from May 1963 to February 1964 was illegal but the order of detention passed on February 3, 1964 was legal, and accord-ingly the appellant could not be ordered to be released. It is this order of February 3, 1964, which is now the subject matter of challenge.

Mr. Garg for the appellant raised the following points before us:

(I) That the State Government having delegated its powers conferred upon it under r. 30 of the Defence of India Rules, 1962, by Notification "Home Department (Special) No. S.B. III/DOR.1162-1, dated the 9th November, 1962" to all District Magistrates within the limit~ of their jurisdic-tion subject to the conditions mentioned in the Noti-fication, the State Government was not competent to pass an order of detention under r. 30.

(2) That the order of detention is bad because two Ministers cannot legally jointly pass an order of detention. (3) That the order of detention is vitiated by malice in law.

( 4) That on the facts of this case the High Court should have insisted on an affidavit being filed by the Ministers.

(5) That there was no material to show that there was any apprehension that maintenance of public order would be prejudicially affected.

Relying on King Emperor v. Sibnath Banerje(') Mr. Garg argues that the State Government had divested itself of its powers to detain. The Privy Council observed at p. 265 as follows:

"It is for the same reasons that their Lordships are unable to accept the respondents' contention, also agreed to by the majority judges in the Federal Court, that the provision of sub-s. 5 of s. 2 of the Defence of India Act, pro-vides the only means by which the Governor can relieve himself of strictly personal function. Their Lordships would also add on this contention that sub-s. 5 of s. 2 provides means of delegation in the strict sense of the word, namely, transfer of the power or duty to the officer or authority defined in the sub-section, with correspond-ing divestiture of the Governor of any responsibility in the matter, whereas under r. 49, sub-s.1, of the Act of 1935 the Governor remains responsible for the action of his subordi-nates taken in his name."

We are unable to agree with Mr. Garg that the Privy Council laid down that the Governor was divested of its power of passing an order when the above notification was issued. It seems to us that the Privy Council was thinking of and comparing the responsi-bility of the Governor for the orders passed by the delegate and by an officer acting under s. 49(1) of the Act of 1935. In the case of the delegate the Privy Council held that the Governor was not responsible, but that does not mean that the Governor could not have acted under r. 26 of the Defence of India Rules made under the Defence of India Act, 1939.

In Huth v. C/arke([2]) Wills, J., observed at p. 395:

"Delegation, as the word is generally used, does not imply parting with powers by the person who grants the delegation, but points rather to the conferring of an autho-rity to do things which otherwise that person would have to do himself."

In our opinion, by issuing the aforesaid notification the State Government has not denuded itself of the power to act under r. 30.

Coming to the second point, namely, whether the two minis-ters can jointly pass an order of detention, it is necessary to give (1) 721.A. 241. (2) 25 Q.B.D. 391.

few relevant facts. In Maharashlra(I) this Court observed:

In Godavari Shamrao Parulekar v. Stale of

"The order, therefore, in the present case could only . be made by Minister who was in-charge both of subjects allotted to the General Administration Department and subjects allotted to the Home Department (Special)."

Basing on this passage, Mr. Garg contends that it is only if Minister is in charge of both the subjects that an order of detention can be passed. He further elaborates his point by saying that once one Minister is satisfied that it is necessary to detain person under one head, say for the maintenance of public order, there is no question of another satisfaction by another Minister that it is necessary to detain that very person, say for the reason of prevent-ing him from acting in manner prejudicial to the defence of India. He says that as soon as the first Minister is satisfied that it is neces-sary to detain person for reasons of maintenance of public order, no power remains to consider other reasons. We are unable to accept the above line of reasoning. We do not see any difficulty in two Ministers successively being satisfied that it is necessary to detain person for different reasons, and then their decision being carried out by one order of detention duly authenticated. We agree with the High Court that this Court did not mean to lay down an absolute proposition of law that unless all the relevant subjects in respect of which the orders of detention arc passed are concentrated in the hands of one Minister, valid orders of detention cannot be passed.

Regarding the next point, namely, whether the order of deten-tion is vitiated by malice in law, Mr. Garg urges that no order of detention can be passed to defeat habeas corpus proceeding. We are unable to agree with the proposition submitted by the learned counsel. The Court observed in Naranjan Singh Nathawan v. 11ze State of Punjab(2) as follows:

"Once it is conceded that in habeas corpus proceed-ings the court is to have regard to the legality or otherwise of the detention at the time of the return and not with refe-rence to the date of the institution of the proceeding, it is difficult to hold, in the absence of proof of bad faith, that the detaining authority cannot supersede an earlier order of detention challenged as illegal and make fresh order wherever possible which is free from defects and duly complies with the requirements of the law in that behalf."

This Court observed further at p. 400, as follows:

"If at any time before the court directs the release of the detenu, valid order directing his detention is pro-

<ll (1904[ 6 S.C.R. 446, alp. 458.

(2) (1952[ S.C.R. 395.

duced, the court cannot direct his release merely on the ground that at some prior stage there was no valid cause for detention. The question is not whether the later order vali-dates the earlier detention but whether in the face of the later order the court can direct the release of the petitioner."

The mere fact that the detention order is passed during the pen-dency of habeas corpus proceedings cannot by itself lead to the conclusion that the order is vitiated by malice in law. It depends on the circumstances of the case. The detenu would have to prove not only that the detention order has been passed during the pen-dency of habeas corpus proceedings but also that there are other facts showing malice. Mr. Garg has not been· able to point out any other facts in this case. If the Government considers an order of detention, which is the subject matter of challenge, to be invalid, there is no reason why it should not pass valid order. Mr. Garg says that there was no fresh consideration of the facts and the Minis· ters acted on pre-conceived notions and passed the new order dated February 3, 1964, without any fresh consideration. We are unable to accept this argument because it is quite clear from the affidavit filed-by the Under Secretary to the Government of Maharashtra,. Home Department and General Administration Department, that before the order was passed the Minister of Home and the Chief Minister were satisfied in accordance with the rules of business made under art. 166 of the Constitution.

We may at this stage deal with the question whether the High Court should have insisted on the Ministers filing the affidavit. It is for the High Court to consider in each case whether it is satisfied with the affidavit filed in the case. In this case it does not appear from the judgment of the High Court that this point was raised before the High Court.

The only point that remains is whether there was any material for detaining the appellant for the maintenance of public order. It has been consistently held by this Court that it is for the detaining authority to be satisfied whether on the material before it, it is necessary to detain person under r. 30, and that this question is not justiciable. There is no force in this point.

Accordingly we hold that there is no infirmity in the order of detention dated February 3, 1964.

In Criminal Appeal No. 144of1964, the appellant P.P. Sanzgiri, adopted the arguments of Mr. Garg and further urged that he had been validly detained by order of the District Magistrate dated November 11, 1962, and there had been no proper cancellation of this order. But he says that this order was bad because there was no confirmation of it. As pointed out above, we are not concerned with the previous orders of detention because the appellant is detain.

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