STATE OF MYSORE versus H. SANJEEVIAH

STATE OF MYSORE

H. SANJEEVIAH

January 16, 1967

[K. SUBBA RAO, C. J., J.C. SHAH, S. M. SIK.RI, V. RAMASWAMI AND C. A. VAIDIALINGAM, JJ.j

Madras Forest Act (II of 1900), s. 37-Power to make rules regulat-ing transit of forest produce-Rule 2, provisor-:-1 hese pro.h.ibiiing removal of forest produce b!!tween 10 p.1n. and ~un-r1~·e and cond~tionally permitting removal between sun-set and 10 0.111.-.Sucll restrlction..r; <>n contractors whether prohibitory .or regulatory-Whether within rule mak-ing power.

Constitution of India, Arts. 301, 304, 305-Freedom of trade-Pro-viso to Rule 2 framed under s. 37 of Madras Forest Act whether restric-tive of such freedom, whet Im saved by Art. 304-W hetlier 'existing /aw' for the purpose of Art. 305.

Section 37 of the Madras Forest Act, 1900, gave power to the State Government to make rules regulating the transit of forest produce. Rule :Z. fr;.med thereunder prohibited the removal of forest produce without permit. After the promulgation of the Constitution in 1950 two provisos were added to the said rule the first of which prohibited the issue of permits allowing forest produce to be removed between sun-set and sun-rise, while the second permitted such removal between sun-set and !O p.m. on certain conditions. The respondent who was forest contractor filed writ petition in the High Court challenging the validity of the pro-visos on the ground that they were beyond the rule making power under s. 37 of the Madras Forest Act and were restrictive of his freedom of trade and commerce declared by Art. 301 of the Constitution. The peti-tion was allowed and the State appealed.

HELD: (i) Power to impose restrictions of the nature contemplated by the two provisos to r. :Z. is not to be found in any of the clauses of sub-s. (2) of s. 37. By sub-s, (l) the State Government is invested with the power to "egulate transport of forest produce "in transit by land or water." The power which ti-c State Government may exercise is however power to regulate transport of forest produce, and not the power to pro-hibit or restrict transport. Prima facie, rule which totally prohibits the movement of forest produce during the period between sun-set and sun-rise is prohibitory or restrictive of the right to transport forest produce. rule regulating transport in its essence permits transport, subject to certain i conditions devised to pwmote transport: such rule aims at making trans-port orderly so that it does not harm or endanger other persons following similar vocation or the public. and enables transport to function for the public good. [364 G-H; 365 A]

Automobile Transport (Rajasthan) Ltd. v. State of Rajasthan, [1963] 1 S.C.R. 491, relied on.

If the ll_rovisos are in truth restrictive of the right of transport of the ~ores! produce, however good the grounds appa·rently may be for restrict-mg the transport of forest produce. they cannot on that account tram-form the power conferred ~~ by the provisos into power merely regulatory -.

(ii) Article 301 in terms prohibits the impos;tion of any restriction on trade, commerce and intercourse throughout the territory of India and 361

by the enactment of the two provisos clearly restriction is imposed on the freedom of trade. The provisos to the rule must therefore be deemed to be invalid as infringing the guarantee under Art. 30 I of the freedom of trade commerce. and intercourse. (366 C-D]

The provisos were not protec:ed by Art. 305. Section 37 which conferred power to make rules was .. existing law" within the moaning of that expression in Art. 305 but the rules made in exercise of that power after the Constitution cannot be deemed to be 0 cxisting law". The mere fact that there was authority in the State under pre-Constitution Act to make rules which may impose restrictioQS o_n trade, commerce and intercour~. but which was not exercised, will not make the rule made in exercise of the authority after the Constitution .. existing law" within the meaning of the Constnution. (366 G]

Ka/vat1i Stores v. Stale of Orissa, A.LR. (1966) S.C. 1686, relied on.

Kasi Prasad v. Sate of Orissa, A.1.R. <!963) Orissa 24, disapproved.

Article 304 which is an exception to Art. 301 had no application to the case because that Article saved cenain laws from the operation of An. 301 if the law was passed by the Legislature of State. The provisos to -J. 2 were not made by the Legislature of the Stale; they were made by the Executive Goverrunent in exercise of delegated authority. More-over they had not been shown to be reasonable restriction on the freedom of trade commerce and intercourse imposed in the public interest so u to satisfy the terms of Art. 304(b). 1367 D-EJ

CML APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1010 of 1965.

Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated July 11, 1963 of the Mysore High Court in Writ Petition No. 1601 of 1962.

S. V. Gupte, Solicitor-Genera/, R. Ganapathy Iyer and Dhebar, for the appellant.

R. 1j. _,/ K.R.

G. R. Ethiarajulu Naidu, K. Rajendra Chaudhuri and

Chaudhuri, for the respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

Shah, J. By s. :7 of the Mysore Forest Act 11 of 1900 the State Government is authorized to make rules to regulate the "tran-sit of ... forest produce". In exercise of the powers conferred by s. 37 the State Government of Mysore has framed rules to regu-late the "transit of timber, firewood, charcoal and bamboos from all lands." By r. 2 framed on October 13, 1952 it was provided that no person shall import forest produce into, export forest pro-duce from, or move forest produce within, any of the areas specified in Sch. 'A' (hereinafter referred to as the Scheduled area), unless -.uch forest produce is accompanied by permit prescribed in r. 3. •_ J April 15, 1959 the State of Mysore issued notification adding proviso to r. 2 which read as follows :

"Provided that no such permit shall authorise any person to transport forest produce between sun-set and sun-rise in any of the areas specified in Schedule "A".

By another notification dated September 14, 1960, the State Govern-ment introduced the second proviso to r. 2 which read :

"Provided further that permission may be granted to timber merchants on their requisition to transport timber up to IO P.M. (22 hrs.) under the following conditions :-

(i) the party who wishes to avail of the concessions

should pay cash deposit of Rs. 1,000 as security for due "compliance with the timber transit rules as in force;

(ii) that the deposit may be forfeited to Government for breach of any of the conditions of the Timber Transit Rules." ·

The respondent who is dealer in timber filed petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution for an order quashing the two provisos to r. 2, on the grounds inter alia that the two provisos were beyond the rule-making authority conferred upon the State Government by s. 37 of the Mysore Forest Act II of 1900, and that in any event the provisos imposed unauth01ised restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse. The High Court of Mysore lield that by the provisos inserted in r. 2 the State Government had while seeking to regulate the transport of timber "stopped trans-port altogether", and in doing so the State Government acted in excess of the powers conferred upon it by s. 37 of the Act. The High Court also held that the two provisos were not saved by Art. 305 of the ConGtitution and since the function of the two provisos was not regulatory but prohibitory, they were violative of Art. 301 of the Constitution and must be struck down as unconstitutional. With special leave granted by this Court, the State of Mysore has appealed to this Court.

Section 37(1) of the Mysore Forest Act 11 of 1900 provides :

"The control of all rivers and their banks as regards the floating of timber, as well as ihe control of all forest produce in transit by land or water, is vested in the State Government which may make rules to regulate the transit of any forest produce."

Sub-section (2) provides :

"Such rules may, among other matters,

(b) prohibit the import, export, collection, or moving of forest tiroduce without pass from an officer au:horised to issue the same, or otherwise than in accordance with the conditions of such pass;"

By r. 2 which is framed in exercise of the power under s. 37 (2) (b), person intending to transport forest produce must obtain pass from an authorised officer. The rule so made is clearly regulatory of the right to transport forest produce. But restriction is imposed on the right to transport forest produce by the two provisos incor-porated in the rule in 1959 & 1960. By the first proviso the holder of pass is not authorised to transport forest produce between the hours of sun-set and sun-rise in any area specified in Sch. 'A', and by the second proviso it is provided that the restriction imposed by the first proviso may be relaxed between the hours of sun-set and IO P.M. if the person wishing to avail of the concession makes cash deposit of Rs. 1,000 as security for due compliance with the "timber transit rules". By the terms ofthe two provisos there is an absolute prohibition against transportation of forest produce between the hours of 10 P.M. and sun-rise, and qualified prohibition between the hours of sun-set and I 0 P.M. If transporter of forest produce makes cash deposit of Rs. 1,000 as security, he may be permitted to transport forest produce between the hours of sun-set iuid IO P.M.It was contended on behalf of the State that the two provisos were regulatory and not prohibitory. It was urged that every injunc-tion in the form of prohibition cannot be regarded as restriction upon the right to transport, and reliance was placed upon the form of els. (b), (j) and (I) of sub-s. (2) of s. 37. What is decisive in each case, .: it was submitted, is not the form of the rule, but the substance thereof, and that the provisos sought merely to regulate transport of .(Qr~st produce. Clause (b) of s. 37(2) prohibits import, export, collCCtron and movement of forest produce without pass. The prohibition is, it is common ground, regulatory of the right to transport fotest produce. Under cl. Ul rules may be made imposing prohibition against the closing up or obstruction of the channel, or banks of any river used for the transport of forest produce, and under cl. (1) rules may be made prohibiting absolutely or subject to conditions, the establishment of sawpits, or saw mills or any other sawing contri-vance. But els. (j) & (I) do not operate to prohibit or restrict the transport of any forest produce.

Power to impose restrictions of the nature contemplated by the two provisos to r. 2 is not to be found in any of the clauses of sub-s. (2) of s. 37. By sub-s. (I) the State Government is invested with the power to regulate transport of forest produce "in transit by land or water." The power which the State Government may exercise is however power to regulate transport of forest produce, and not the power to prohibit or restrict transport. Prima facie, rule which totally prohibits the movement of forest produce during the period between sun-set and sun-rise is prohibitory or restrictive of the right to transport forest produce. rule regulating trans-

port in ·its essence permits transport, subject to certain conditions devised to promote transport : such rule aims at making transport orderly so that it does not harm or endanger other persons following similar vocation or the public, and enables transport to functign for the public good. It was observed by one of us (Subba Rao, J.) in Automobile Transport (Rajasrhan) Ltd. v. State of Rajasthan.(')

"Restrictions obstruct the freedom, whereas regula-tions promote it. Police regulations, though they may superficially appear to restrict the freedom of movement, in fact provide the necessary conditions for the free move-ment. Regulations such as provision for lighting, speed, good conditions of vehicles, timings, rule of the road and similar others, really facilitate' the freedom of movement rather than retard it. So too, licensing system with compen-satory fees would not be restrictions but regulatory provi-sions: for without it, the necessary lines of communications, such as roads, water-ways and air -ways c&.mot effectively be maintained and the freedom declared may in practice turn out to be an empty one. So too, regulations provid-ing for necessary services to enable the free movement of traffic, whether charged or not cannot also be described as restrictions impeding the freedom."\ It was asserted in the affidavit filed on behalf of the State in rep\y to the petition that the restriction imposed by the rules on the freiaom of citizens to transport timber, fire-wood, charcoal and bamboos is reasonable restriction and in the public interest, i.e. to prevent unauthorised felling of trees and bamboos and smuggling them from the State forests. It was said that checking transport of the forest produce during nights would require enormous increase in the number of checking staff of the Forest Department, that such staff will have to work in two or three shifts every day if they have to check transport of forest produce during nights also, further that such staff will have to be equipped with lanterns and.warm clothings if they have to work during nights, that persons who indulge in smuggling of timber find nights more convenient to avoid detection, and that smuggling of forest produce is serious menace to pre-servation of forests in the State and safeguarding of the property of the State. Whether or not these are good grounds for imposing ·restrictions on transport of forest produce is not matter with which we are concerned in dealing with the power of the State by rules tL restrict the right to transport forest produce. The power conferred upon the State Government is merely "to regulate the transit" of forest produce and not to restrict it. If the provisos are in truth restrictive of the right to transport the forest produce, however, good the grounds apparently may be for restricting the transport of forest

produce, they cannot on that account transform the power conferred by the provisos into power merely regulatory. The High Court was, therefore, in our view, right· in holding that the two provisos to r. 2 are not regulatory in character, but are restrictive.

The alternative ground on which the High Court has decided against the State Government must also be sustained. Article 301 provides:

"Subject to the other provisions of this Part, trade, commerce and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free."

The provisos are undoubtedly restrictive of trade and commerce

and on that account would prima facie be void, as derogating from the freedom declared by Art. 301. It has been held by this Court in Automobile Transport (Rajasthan) Ltd.'s case(') that regulatory measures, which do not hamper trade, commerce and intercourse, but facilitates them, are not hit by Art. 301 of the Consti-tution. But it cannot be said of the two provisos, that they are in any sense regulatory. The plea that Art. 301 does not come to the aid of the respondent because of the reservation made in Art. 305 has, in our judgment, no substance. Article 305, insofar, as it is material, provides :

"Nothing in articles 301 and 303 shall affect the pro-

visions- of any existing law except in so far as the PresideQt.. may by order otherwise direct;" '

The expression "existing law" is defined in Art. 366(10) as meaning

any Jaw, Ordinance, order, bye-law, rule or regulation i;.sssed or made before the commencement of the Constitution by any Legisla-ture, authority or person having power to make such law, Ordi-nance, order, bye-law, rule or regulation. Undoubtedly the Forest Act was passed before the Constitution and it was brought into force before that date. Rule 2 (as it stood originally) was pro-mulgalcd after the Constitution, but that, as already observed, was regulatory of the right to transport forest produce. Sec•ion 37 which conferred power to make rules was undoubtedly "existing law" within the meaning of that expression used in Art. 305, but the rules made in exercise of that power after the Constitution cannot be <leemed to be "existing law". The mere fact that there wan autho-rity in the State under pre-Constitution Act to make rules which may impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse, but which was not exercised, will not make the rule made in exercise of the authority after the Constitution "existing law" within the meaning of the Constitution. This Court in Kalvani Stores v. 11re State of Orlssa (2) held that notification issued after the Con-

(2) A.I R. 1966 S.C. 1686.

(I) (1963] I S.C R. 491, 549.

stitution imposing additional duty under the power reserved under s. 90 read with s. 27 of the Bihar & Orissa Act, 1915, was not existing Jaw within the meaning of Art. 305 of the Constitution read with Art. 366(10) and the notification was invalid unless it cornplied with the requirements of Arts. 302, 303 or 304 of the Constitution. It was held by majority of the Court that "existing law within the meaning was therefore the provision contained ln s. 27 of the Bihar & Orissa Act 2of1915 authorising the State Government to issue notifica-tion imposing duty at the rate fixed thereby, and the notification issued pursuant thereto before the Constitution." The decision of the Orissa High Court in Kasi Prasad v. StateofOrissa(I) in which it was held that rules framed in 1958 after the coming into force of the Constitution in exercise of the power conferred by s. 41 of the Orissa Forest Act, 1927, were existing law," and on that account not open to challenge because of Art. 305 of the Constitution, even though they violated the guarantee under Art. 301, cannot be regarded as correct.

Article 304 which is an exception to Art. 301 has no application

to this case, because that Article saves certain laws from the opera-D tion of Art. 301 if the law is passed by the Legislature of State. The provisos to r. 2 are not made by the Legislature of the State; 'they are made by the executive Government in exercise of delegated authority. The rules have the force of law, but when made did not become part of the Act : (see s. 77 of the Mys~e Forest Act). Again Art. 304(b) exempts from the opera-E tion of Art. 301 reasonable restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse with or within the State as may be re-quired in the public interest. There is no evidence of an enquiry made by the State before the provisos were framed, and no case is made out that they are reasonable restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse imposed in the public interest. Article 301 in terms prohibits the imposition of any restriction on trade, commerce and intercourse throughout the territory of India, and by the enactment of the two provisos clearly restriction is imposed upon the freedom of trade. The provisos to the rule enacted by the State Government must thereft>re be deemed to be invalid as infringing the guarantee under Art. 301 on the freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse.

The appeal fails and is dismissed with costs.

Appeal dismissed.

(I) A.I.R. 1963 Orissa, 24.