STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH & ANR. versus THAKUR BHARAT SINGH

STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH & ANR.

THAKUR BHARAT SINGH

January 23, 1967

[K. SUBBA RAO, C. J., J, C. SHAH, J. M. SHEi.AT, V. 8HARGAVA AND G. K. MITreR, JJ.]

Madhya Pradesh Public Security Act, 1959, s. 3(1) (b)-Authoruln11 making of an order requiring ptrro11 to reside 111 specified plac~o provuion for malnt1nance or submtence-wlrether /mp<ntd IUIJ'tarOMbl• rutrict/Dn-Tllere/or~ whether violative of Art. 19.

Constitution of India-Art. 358-Scoge of-ugi.slatwe or .txecuti., act/Dn In/ringing rl11hts of cltliens or 01her1 taken durin11 emef(l1ncy undtr A,... 3S2-Action without lawful authority-whether protected by Art. 358.

On April 24, 1963, tho State Government made an order under •· 3 of the Madhya Pradesh Public Security Act, 1959, directing that tho res-pondent (i) shall not be in any place in Raipur District, (i1) shall imme-diately proceed to aad reside in named town and (iii) shall report dally tn police station in that town. The respondent challenaed 1he order by writ petition under Articles 226 and 227 of 1he Constitution on tho ground inter u/ia, that s. 3 infringed the fundamental rishts guaranteed under Art. 19(t ), (d) and (e) of the Comtitution.

Single Judge of the High Court declared clauses (ii) and (iii) of the Order invalid on tlie view that clauses (b) and (c) of s. 3(1) on which they were based contravened Arr. 19. Division Bench, in a5pea!, confirmed the order of the Single Judge holding that s. 3(1) (b was violative of Art. 19(1) (d) and that cl>US<S (ii) and (iii) of the impur,ned order, being ine~rricably woven, were both invalid.

In appeal to this Court it was contended, i11ter a/i,1, on behalf of the appellant s·ate (i) that clause J(l)(b) did not impose an unreas.>n-able restriction; (ii) that so long as the state o: emergency declared on October 20, 1962, by tl>a President under Art. 352 was in force, the res-pondent could not move the High CoUrt by petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution on the plea that by the impugned order his fundamental right ~aranteed under Art. 19(l)(d) of the Constitution was infiingcJ; and (•ii) that even ifs. 3(l)(b) wu held to be void, Att. 358 protects legislative and e.ecutive action taken after the proclamation of emergency and therefore any executive action taken by an officer of the State coulJ not be challenged as infrin8ing Arr. 19.

HELD : The Order ma~e h)'. the State in exerci"' of the authority con-ferred bys. 3(l)(b) W8' invalid; and for the aci. done to the prejudice of the respondent after the declaration of emergency under Art 3~2 no immunity from the process of the Court could be claimed uiider Art. 358 of the Constitution, since the order was not supported by any valid legislation. [462 CJ

(i) ~.High Court was right in. ~oldin,1 that s. l(IJ(b) authorised the 1mpos111on of unreasonable restricttons 1n so far as it required any per5?n to. reside or remain in such place or within such area 15 may be specified m the order .. The Act does not give any opportunity to the person concerned of being heard before the place where he is ro remain

ar reside 11 selected. lbe place selected may be one In which be may have no ruldenllal accommodation, and no means of subsisteni:e. S. 3 (I) (b) does not Indicate the extent of the place or lbe area, Its distance from the residence of the pmon extemed and whelher lt may be hnbltated or lnhabltated; and lt makes no provision for his residence, maintenance or means of livelihood in the place selected. [4S8B·E]

(ii) The Act was brought inlo force before the declaration of emer· 8 gency and it was therefore open to the respondent to invoke Art. 19. If the power conferred by s. 3 (I) (b) authorised the imposition of UD• reasonable restrictions, the clause must be deemed to be void. when enacted and it was not revived when the proclamation of emergency was made by the President. [459 B-C)

(iii) All executive action which operates to the prejudice of any pen;on must have the authority of law to support it, and the terms of Art 358 do not detract from that rule. Article 358 expressly authorises the State to take legislative or executive action provided such action was competent for the State to make or take, but for the provisions contained in Part III of the Constitution. Article 3S8 does not purport to invest the State with arbitrary authority to take action to the prejudice of citizens and others: it merely provides that so long as the proclamation of emergency subsists laws may be enacted, and executive action may be taken in pun;uance of lawful autharity, which if t!ie provisions of Art. 19 were operative would have been invalid. [459 FJ

There was no force in the contention that by virtue of the provisions of Art. 162, the State or its officers may, in exercise of executive authority, withou~ >y legislation in suppart thereof infringe the rights of citizens merely because the LegMature of the State bas the power to legislate in regard to the subject on which the executive order is issued. [462 BJ

Ra/ Sahib Ram lawaya Kapur v. The State of Punjab [1955] 2 S.C.R. 22S, distinguished:

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1066 of 1965.

Appeal from the judgment and order dated December 4,

1963 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Letters Patent Appeal JI No. 28 of 1963.

B. Sen, and /. N. Shroff, for the appellants.

The respondent did not appear.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

Shah, J. On April 24, 1963, the State of Madhya Pradesh made an order in exercise of powers conferred by s. 3 of the Madhya Pradesh Public Security Act, 1959-hereinafter called 'the act'-directing the respondent Thakur Bharat Singh-

(i) "that he shall not be in any place in the Raipur district;

(ii) "that he shall reside in the municipal limits of Jhabua town, district Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh, and shall proceed there immediately on the receipt of this prder; and

(iii) that he shall notify his movements and report himself personally every day at 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. to the Police Station Officer, Jhabua."

The respondent moved petition in the High Court of Madhya Pradesh under Arts. 226 & 227 of the Constitution challenging the order on the grounds, inter alia, that ss. 3 & 6 and other pro-visions of the Act which autho11sed imp0sition of restrictions on movements and actions of person were 1:/tra vires in that they infringed the fundamental freedoms guaranteed under Art. 19(1) (d) & {e) of the Constitution of India and that the order was "dis-criminatory, illegal and violated principles of natural justice." Shivdayal, J., declared cl. {i) of the order valid, and declared els. (ii) and (iii) invalid. In the view of the learned Judge the provisions of s. 3(1)(a) of the Act were valid and therefore the directions con-tained in cl. (i) of the order could lawfully be made by the State, but els. (b) & (c) of s. 3(1) of the Act were invalid because they contravened the fundamental freedom of movement guaranteed under Art. 19 of the Constitution, and therefore the directions contained in els. (ii) & (iii) of the order were invalid. Against the order passed by Shivdayal, J., two appeals were filed under the Letters Patent of the High Court. Division Bench of the High Court held that els. (a) & (c) of s. 3(1) of the Act were valid, but in their view cl. {b) of s. 3(1) was not valid because it violated the fundamental guarantee under Art. 19(1) (d) of the Constitution. The High Court however confirmed the order of Shivdayal, J., since in their view the direction contained in cl. (iii) of. the order was "inextricably woven" with the directions in cl. (ii) and was on that account invalid. Against the order of the High Court, the State of Madhya Pradesh has appealed to this Court.

The relevant provisions of the Act may be briefly set out. Section 3 of the Act provides :

(1) "If the State Government or District Magis-

trate is satisfied with respect to any person that he is acting or is likely to act in manner prejudicial to the security of the State or to the maintenance of public order, and that, in order to prevent him from so acting it is necessary in the interests of the general public to mak~ an order under this section, the State Government or the District Magistrate, as the case may be, may make an order-

(a) directing that, except in so far as he may be permitted by the provisions of the order, or by such authority or persons as may be specified therein, he shall not be in any such area or place in Madhya Pradesh as may be specified in the order;

(b) requiring him to reside or remain in such place or within such area in Madhya Pradesh as may be specified in the order and if he is not already there to proceed to ·that place or area within such time as may be specified in the order ;

(c) requiring him to notify his movements or to report himself or both to notify his movements and report himself in such manner, at such times and to such authority or person, as may be specified in the order ;

( d) imposing upon him such restrictions as may be specified in the order, in respect of his associa-c tion or communication with such persons as may be mentioned in the order ;

(e) prohibiting or restricting the possession or use by him of any such article or articles as may be specified in the order.

(3) .. --;4':- -

( 4) If any person is found in any area or place in contravention of restriction order or fails to leave any area or place in accordance with the requirements of such an order, then, without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (5), he may be removed from such area or place by any police officer.

(5) If any person contravenes the provisions of any restriction order, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for term which may extend to one year, or with fine I!' which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both."

Section 4 authorises the State to revoke or modify "the restric-tion order", and s. 5 authorises the State to suspend operation of the "restriction order" unconditionally or upon such conditions as it deems fit and as are accepted by the person against whom the order is made. Section 6 requires the State tO disclose the grounds of the "restriction order''. Section 8 provides that in every case where "restriction order" has been made, the State Government shall within thirty days from the date of the order place before the Advisory Council copy thereof together with the grounds on which it has been made and such other particulars as have bearing on the matter and the representation, if any, made by the j:ti:rson affected by such order. Section 9 provides for the procedure of the Advisory Council, and s. 10 requires the State to confirm; modify or cancel the "restriction order" in accordance with the opinion of the Advisory Council.

By cl. (ii) of the order the respondent was required to reside within the municipal limits of Jhabua town after proceeding to that place on receipt of the order. Under cl. (b) of s. 3(1) the Stnte is authorised to order person to reside in the place where he is ordinarily residing and also to require him to go to any other area or 'place within the State and stly in that area or place. If the person so ordered fails to carry out the direction, he may be removed to the area or place designated and may also be punished with imprisonment for tem1 which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both. The Act it may be noticed does not give any opportunity to the person concerned of being heard before the place where he is to reside or remain in is selected. The place selected may be one in which the person concerned may have no residential accommodation. and no means of subsistence. 1 t may not be possible for the person concerned to honestly secure the m~ans of subsistence in the place selected. Sub-section 3(l)(b) of the Act does not indicate the extent of the place or the area, its distance from the residence of the person externed and whether it may be habitated or inhabitated: the clause also no where pro-vides that the person directed to be removed shall be provided with residence, maintenance or means of livelihood in the place selected. In the circumstances we agree with the High Court that cl. (b) authorised the imposition of unreasonable restrictions insofar as it required any person to reside or remain in such place or within such area in Madhya Pradesh as may be specified in the order.Counsel for the State did not challenge the view that the res-trictions which may be imposed under cl. (b) of s. 3(1) requiring person to leave his hearth, home and place of business and live and remain in another place wholly unfamiliar to him may operate seriously to his prejudice, and may on that account be unreasonable. But he contended that normally in exercise of the power under cl. (b) person would be ordered to remain in the town or village where he resides and there is nothing unreasonable in the order of the State restricting the movements of person to the town or place where he is ordinarily residing. It is true that under cl. (b) an order requiring person to reside or remain in place where he is ordinarily residing may be passed. But in exercise of the power it it also open to. the State to direct person to leave the place of his ordinary residence and to go to another place selected by the authorities and to reside and remain in that place. Since the clause is not severable, it must be struck down in its entirety as unreasonable. If it is intended to restrict the movements of person and to maintain supervision over him, orders may appropriately be made under els. (c) and (d) of s. 3(1) of the Act.

Counsel for the State urged that in any event so long as the State of emergency declared on October 20, 1962, by the President

under Art. 352 was not withdrawn or revoked, the respondent could not move the High Court by petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution on the plea that by the impugned order his funda· mental right guaranteed under Art. 19(1 )( d) of the Constitution was infringed. But the Act was brought into force before the declaration of the emergency by the President. If the power co11. fcrred by s. 3(1)(b) authorised the imposition of unreasonable res· trictions, the clause must be deemed to be void, for Art. 13(2) of the Constitution prohibits the State from making any law which takes away or, abridges the rights conferred by Part IIJ, and laws made in contravention of Art. 13(2) are to the extent of the contra· vcntion void. Section 3(l)(b) was therefore void when enacted and was not revived when the proclamation of emergency was made by the President. Article 338 which suspends the provisions of Art. 19 during an emergency declared by the President under Art. 352 is in terms prospective: after the proclamation of emergency n'.}thing in Art. 19 restricts the power of the State to make laws or to take any executive action which the State but for the provi· sions contained in Part III was competent to make or take. Article 358 however does not operate to validate legislative provision which was invalid because of the constitutional inhibition before the proclamation of emergency. Coifnsel for the State while con· ~eding that if s. 3(l)(b) was, because it infringed the fundamental freedom of citizens, void before the proclamation of emergency, and that it was not revived by the proclamation, submitted that Art. 35.8 protects action both legislative and executive taken after proclamation of emergency and therefore any executive action taken by an officer of the State or· by the State will not be liable to be challenged on the ground that it infringes the fundamental freedoms under Art. 19. In our judgment, this argument involves grave fallacy. All executive action which operates to the pre-judice of any person must have the authority of Jaw to support it, and the terms of Art. 358 do not detract from that rule. Article 358. expressly authorises the State to take legislative or executive action provided such action wa~ competent for the State to make or.take, but for the provisions contained in Part Ill of the Consti-tution. Article 358 does not purport to invest the State with ar· bitrary authority to take action to the prejudice of citizens and others: it merely provides that so long as the proclamation of em-ergency subsists laws -may be enacted, and executive ac'.ion may be taken in pursuance of lawful authority, which if the provisions of Art. 19 were operative would have been invalid. Our federal structure is founded on certain fundamental principles : (I) the sovereignty of the people with limited Government authority i.e. the Government must be conducted in accordance with the will II of the majority of the people. The people govern themselves through their representatives, whereas the official agencies of the executive Government possess only such powers as have b~en confer-red upon them by the people ; (2) There is distribution of powers between the three organs of the State-legislative, executive and · judicial-each organ having some check direct or indirect on the other ; and (3) the rule of law which includes judicial review of arbitrary executive actions. As pointed out by Dicey in his "Intro-duction to the study of the Law of the Constitution", 10th &In., at p. 202 the expression "rule of law" has three meanings, or may be regarded from three different points or view. "It means, in the first place, the absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power, and excludes the existence of arbitrariness, of prerogative, or even of wide dis-cretio11ary authority on the part of the government." At p. 188 Dicey points out :

"In almost every continental community the exe-cutive exercises far wider discretionary authority in the matter of arrest, of temporary imprisonment, of expulsion from its territory, and the like, than is either legally claimed or in fact exerted by the government in England : and study of European politics now and again reminds English readers that wherever there is discretion there is room for arbitrariness, and that in republic no less than under monarchy discretionary authority on the part of the government must mean insecurity for legal free-dom on the part of its subjects."

We have adopted under our Constitution not the continental system but the British system under which the rule of law prevails. Every Act done by the Government or by its officers n.ust, if it is to operate to the prejudice of any person, be supported by soc-..e legislative authority.

Counsel for the State relied upon the terms of Art. 162 of the Constitution, and the decision of this Court in Rai Sahib Ram Jmraya Kapur v. The State of Punjab<.') in support of the et.nten-tion that it is open to the State to issue executive orders even if there is no legislation in support thereof provided the State could legislate on the subject in respect of which action is taken. Article 162 provides that subject to the provisions of the Constitution, the executive power of State sh~Jl extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of the State has power to make laws. But Art. 162 and Art. 73 are concerned primarily with the distribution of executive power between the Union on the one hand and the States on the other, and nm with the validity of its exercise. Counsel for the State however strongly relied upon the observation~ of M ukherjea, C. J., in Roi Sahib Ram Jawaya Kapur 's

case( [1]) : ----

----(11 [ 1955 J 2 S.C.R. 225.

"They do not mean, · · · · that it is only when the Parliament or the State Legislature has legislated on certain items appertaining to their respective lists, that the Union or the State executive, as the case may be, can proceed to function in respect to them. On the other hand: the language of article 162 clearly indicates that the powers of the State executive do extend to matters upon which the State Legislature is competent to legis-fate and are not confined to matters over which legisla-tion has been passed already."

These observations must be read in the light of the facts of the case.. The· executive action which was upheld in that case was, it is true, not supported by legislation, but it did not operate to the prejudice of any citizen. In the State of Punjab prior to 1950 the text-books used in recognized schools were pre-pared by private publishers and they were submitted for approval of the Government. In 1950 the State Government published text books in certain subjects, and in other subjects the State Government approved text-books submitted by publishers and authors. In 1952 notification was issued by the Government inviting only "authors and others" to submit text-books for appro-val by the Government. Under agreements with the authors and others the copyright in the te~t-books vested absolutely in the State and the authors and others received royalty on the sale of those text-books. The petitioners-a firm carrying on the busi-E ness of preparing, printing, publishing and selling text books-then moved this Court under Art. 32 of the Constitution praying for writs of mandamus directing the Punjab Government to with-dn.w the notifications of 1950 and 1952 on the ground that they contravened the fundamental rights of the petitioners guaranteed under the Ccnstitution. It was held by this Court that the action of the Government did not amount to infraction of the guarantee under Art. 19(l)(g) of the Constitution, since no fundamental rights of the petitioners were violated by the notifications and the acts of the executive Government done in furtherance of their policy of nationalisation of text-books for students. It is trur that the dispute arose before the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, amending, inter alia, Art. 298, was enacted, and th~re was no legislation authorising the State Government to enter the field of business of printing, publishing and selling text-book~. It was contended in support of the petition in Rai Sahib Ram Jawaya's case(') that without legislative authority the Government of the State could not enter the business of printing, publishing and sell-ing text-books. The Court held that by the action of the Govern-H ment no rights of the petitioners were infringed, since mere chance or prospect of having particular customers cannot be ·said to be

0) [!955] 2 S.C.R. 225 .

tight to property or to any interest or undertaking. It is clear that the State of Punjab had done no act which infringed right of any citiz.en: the State had merely entered upon trading venture. By entering into competition with the citizens, it did not infringe their rights. Viewed in the light of these facts the observatipns relied upon do not support the contention that the State or its officers may in exercise of executive authority infringe the rights of the citiz.ens merely because the Legislature of the State has the power to legislate in regard to the subject on which the executive order is issued.

We are therefore of the view that the order made by the State in exercise of the authority conferred by s. 3(J)(b) of the Madhya Pradesh Public Security Act 25 of 1959 was invalid and for the acts done to the prejudice of the respondent after the declaration of emergency under Art. 352 no immunity from the process of the Court could be claimed under Art. 358 of the Constitution, since the order was not supported by any valid legislation.

The appeal therefore fails and is dismissed.

R.K.P.S.

Appeal dismissed.