PIERCE LESLIE & CO. LTD. versus VIOLET OUCHTERLONY WAPSHARE AND OTHERS VICE VERSA

PIERCE LESLIE & CO. LTD. . v.

VIOLET OUCHTERLONY WAPSHARE· AND OTHERS VICE VERSA

December 20, 1968

[S. M. SIKRI, R. S. BACl!AWAT AND K._S. HEGDE, JJ.]

Trust-Conzpany acting as secretary of .another con1pany-Jf brings about -ruiuciary relationship between rhem-Secretal){ co1npany buying assets of the main c'ompany and flouting new Company-If fraudulent transaction-Old company dissolved-Suit by shareholders of old company to je/ as/de transaction-Limitation-Suit if maintainable by shareholders- -Escheat-Jf properties vest in Government by escheat. . .

One \V owned sevefi:i.1 tea, coffee· and other plantations. In 1927, he_ formed limited company and conveyed his estates to the company. All the shares of the c<Jmpany were held by him and the members of his family. The· company borrowed Rs. !Ot lakhs from the Imperial Bank of India against the issue of debentures secured by an English mortgage. The loan was repayable on March 15, 1937. ·In default of payment with-in November 15, 1937, the trustee under the debenture trust deed v.'::i.S authorised to enter into possession of the estates and sell them. The appellant-company was appointed as the secretary of the company.

Since 1931, the family \Vas keen on selling.the estates, but none of the offers materialised. In 1936, there was slump in tea and coffee p:ices and there was possibility of further slump. The Bank was pressing for the payment of its dues and the company \Vas not in position to liquidate the debt \Vithout· selling the estates. The family tried unsuccessfully to raise loans. In the beginning of November 1937, the family had firm offer from A.L. & Co. for the purchase of all the estates for Rs. 14 lakhs, but the family was anxiOus to retain one of them. The appellant-company offered Rs. 10 lakhs for all the estates excluding the estate vihich the family wanted to retain. The family knew that this estate, if sold separately, "vould not fetch more than Rs. 2 Jakhs and yet they chose to retain it and to accept the appellant's offer. At meeting all the shareholders (members of the family) unanimously ac-ccptcLl the proposal. Thev were all sui" juris and had business acumen. They knew the value of the properties and accepted Rs. 10 !akhs as just and fair price. The offer enabled them to retain the estate 'vhich they wanted to retain and at the same time enabled them to liquidate the Bank's dues. They had legal advice· and the document$ \Vere iri proper legal form. The meeting was also attended by the chairman of the company and the director nominateLl by the Imperial Bank. After the transfer, the company went into voluntary liquidation and it stood dissolved on March I, 1940, under s. 209 of the Companks Act. 1913. The appellant· took possession of the properti~s on January 10, 1938 and promoted new co111pany to which the properties \Vere tra:isferred by convcvances. dated January 14. 1939 and !\-lay 15, 1939 50% of the shareS cf the new company were hcl<l b'y the appcHant-cornpany \vhich managed and controlled the ne\V company. The memb.ers of the farn:Iy made no complaint about the transaction for 12 years, but, on December 21, 1950, they instituted suit against the appellant and others alleging that the cld company had not· been wound up in accordance with Jaw and \Vas still in existence, that the old company wa~ the real owner of the properties and the ne\v compa~y held them in trust _for the old

company, that the appellallt took advantage of .its fiduciarv capacity and gained -pecuniary advantage and that the various sales and conveyances were vitiated by fraud, and prayed for decree vesting or retransferring the properties to the old company or the family.

The trial court dismissed the suit, but the appeal to the High Court was allo\ved in part.

In appeal to this Court, on the q-tions : ( 1 )(a) Whether tb<re was fiduciary relationship between the appellant and the old company, and (b) Whether the appellant gained pecuniary advantage by availing itself of the fiduciary character; (2) Whether the suit was barred by limitation, and (3) Whether the members of the family as shareholders of the old company were entitled to maintain the suit, HELD: (l)(a) The appellant company was the. secrelllry of tbe old company, was in charge of its correspondence and accounts and was actively engaged in assisting it and its share-holders in selling the estates. In the course of such employment it acquired intimate knowledge of the income, prospects and market value of the properties. Therefore, the appellant stood in fiduciary relationship towards the old company and was bound to protect its interests. Having regard to its fiduc:iarv charac· ter, the appellant should have avoided entering into the transaction. [209 B-D; 211 DJ

(b) But, there is no rule which incapacitates trustee from dealing with cestui que trust, provided there was no fraud and no advantage wa• talten by the trustee of any information acquired by him in the character of trustee. The onus, however, is upon the trustee to establish affinnatively that the transaction was righteous and that he did not gain any pecuniary advantage by availing himself of his fiduciary character. In the present case, the appellant had discharged this difficult onus. The transaction was just and fair and the· appellant did not gain any pecuniary adTI!ntage by availing itself of its fiduciary character. nor was there any conflict between its own interests and those of the old C(lmpany. No advantage was taken by the appellant of any information acquired by it in its character as secretary and, the circumstances shO\V that there was no fraud, no concealment and no undue influence. The long acquies· cence of the members of the family in the sale is also evidence that the transaction was fair in all respects. [208 F; 209 E; 211 E-D] Coles v. Trecothick, 9 Ves. Jun. 234, 247; 32 E.R., 592, 597 and Park! v. White, 11 Ves. Jun. 20~, 226; 32 E.R., 1068, 1074, applied.

(2) The suit was barred by limitation. (212 DJ

suit by beneficiary claiming recovery o.f possession from the trus-tee is governed by Art. 120 of the Limitation Act, 1908. The plaintiffs had not established fraud and consequently Art. 95 of the Limitation Act ,,h'as no application. Section 10 of the Act also does not apply, because, ·the prope.rties were not vested in the new company for the specific purpose of making them over to the old company or to the plaintiffs. In the plaint there was no prayer for recovery of possession. The old company could not ask for recove.ry of the properties until they obtained reconveyance from the new company. The suit is not there~ fore governed by Art. 144 of the Limitation Act and since the period under Art. 120 is 6 years from the date of cause of action and the cause of action in the present case arose in 1939 when the conveyances were executed, the suit was barred. (211 F-HJ

Rani Chhatra Kun1ari Devi v. Prince Mohan Bikram Shah, L.R. 58 I.A. 279, applied.

(3) The plaintiffs were not entitled to maintain the suit. [216 CJ

As the plaintiffs failed to establish any fraud affecting the dissolution of the company, the dissolution bas put an end to its existence. On the dissolution of the company, its pro~rties, if any, vested in. the Gov-ernment. The right of the Government to take by escjieat for want of an heir or successor or as bona vacantia for want of rightful owner has been recognised in our country. The various Government of India Acts and the Constitution show that the Government takes by escheat im-movable as well as movable property for Want of an heir or successor. It" is an incident of sovereignty and rests on the principle of ultimate ownership by the State of all property within its jurisdiction. Unlike the law in the United States, winding up under the Indian Law precedes· dissolution and there is no statut'Ory provision vesting the properties of dissolved company in trustee or having the effect of abrogating the law of escheat. The shareholders or creditors of dissolved company cannot be regarded as its heirs or successors. Therefore, the GoVefn-ment took by escheat or as bona vacantia ·all properties of company dissolved under the Indian Companies Act, 1913, except in so far as its right was cut down by that Act. Accordingly, the share.holders or creditors of the dissolved company cannot maintain any action for recovery of its assets. As the company was not party and the assets could not be restored to its coffers. no effective relief could be given in such an action. [212 F; 213 D-E; 214 C-D, F; 215 B-C; 216 A-BJ

Collector of Masulipatam v. C. Vencata Narainapah, 8 M.I.A. 500, 525, in re. Wells [1933] 1 Ch.D. 29, 49, Coxon v.Gorst, [1891] 2 Ch. 73 and Ill re. Lewis •nd Smart Ltd. (1954) I W.L.R. 755, applied.

Bo111ba,v Deying and Manufr.cturing Co. v. State of Bo1nbay, [1958] S.C.R. 1122, 1146 and Legal Remembrancer v. Corporation of Calcutra, [1967] 2 S.C.R. 170, 204, followed.

In re. U. N. Mandal's Estate, A.LR. 1959 Cal. 493, 498, approved. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 1174 of 1965 and 1935 of 1966.

Appeals from the iudgment and decree dated October 14, 1959 of the Madras High Court in Appeal No. 471 of 1955.

H. R. Gokha/e, P. S. Padmanaban and D. N. Gupta, for the appellant (in C.A. No. 1174 ot 1965) and respondent No. l (in C.A. No. 1935 of 1966).

V. P. Raman, Shyamala Pappu, Vineet Kumar, P. S. Khera and R. Nagaratnam, for the appellants (in C.A. No. 1935 of 1966) and respondents Nos. 1 to 4 (in C.A. No. 1174 of 1965).

C. B. Agarwala and R. Gopalakrishnan, for respondent No. 12 (in C.A. No. 1935 ol 1966).

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

Bacbawat, J. One James Henry Wapshare owned several estates including Naduvattam in the Nilgiris known as the Ouchterlony Valley Estates, having tea, coffee, cardamom and cinchona plantations. He lived in Naduvattam and Oota-camund with his wife Nellie, daughters Violet and Dorothy and sons James and Edward. In 1927 he formed limited company known as the Ouchterlony Valley Estates limited, having share capital of Rs. 15 lakhs and conveyed the estates to the company. All the shares of this company, sometimes referred to as the "old company" were held by him and the members of his family. The company borrowed Rs. 10! lakhs from the Imperial Bank of India against the issue of debentures. The loan was secured by mortgage of the estates under debenture trust deed dated May 13, 1927 and was repayable on May 15, 1937. In default of payment within November 15, 1937 the trustee under the debenture trust deed was authorised to enter into possession of the estates and sell them. By an agreement dated August 16, 1936 Peirce Leslie & Co. Ltd., referred to as the appellant com-D pany, was appointed as the secretary of .the old company. On April 15, 1937 the old company was served with notice that in default of payment of the Joan within November 15, 1937 the trustee for the debenture holders would take possession of the estates and sell them. On May 18, 1937 James Henry Wapshare died leaving behind him his widow and his sons and daughters. In November 1937 after prolonged negotiations bet-ween the Wapshares and the appellant company it was settled that the company would purchase all the estates except Nadu-vattam for Rs. 10 lakhs. On December 29, 1937 formal agree-ments were executed providing that the old company would convey to the appellant company all the estates except Naduvattam for Rs. l O~ lakhs and the appellant company would convey Naduvattam to Mrs. Nellie Wapshare for Rs. 50,000 and would at the same time advance Rs. 50,000 on the hypothecation of Naduvattam crops. By January 10, 1938 the appellant company paid the entire purchase price and took possession of the estates and the entire dues of the Imperial Bank of India were liquidated. On March 30, 1938 the old company passed special resolution for its voluntary winding up and appointed Capt. F. Murcutt as its liquidator. The appellant company promoted new company known as Ouchterlony Valley Estates Ltd., for the purpose of acquiring the estates. The new company was incorporated on September 5, 1938. Fifty per cent of its shares were held by the appellant company. Fonua! conveyances of the Naduvattam estate in favour of Mrs. Nellie Wapshare and of the other estates in favour of the new company were executed by the old company between January and May 1939. On the execution of the con- veyances the new company entered into possession of the estates conveyed to them. As soon as the affairs of the old compajny were wound up the liquidator made up the final accounts of the winding up and called the final meetings of the company and its creditors. On or about November 29, 1939 copy of the final accounts and the return of the holding of the meetings were · filed with the registrar of joint stock companies and were regis-tered lllllder s. 209H of the Indian Companies Act, 1913. In view of s. 209H ( 4), the old company stood dissolved with effect from March 1, 1940. On December 21, 1950 Mrs. Nellie, Violet, Dorothy, James and Edward Wapshares instituted the present suit against the appellant company,. impleading the appellant com-pany as defendant .No. 1, 12 persons said to be its directors and officials as defendants 2 to 13, Capt. F.A. Murcutt as defendant No. 14, the new company as defendant No. 15 and the old company as defendant No. 16. The plaintiffs prayed for decree declaring that the old company had not been wound up in accordance with law and was still in existence as corporate personality, declaration that the old company was the real owner of the aforesaid properties and the new company held them in trust for the old company, decree vesting or re-transferring the properties to the old company and alternatively to the plaintiffs and accounts. The plaintiffs alleged that the appellant company as the secretary and manager of the old company was bound in fiduciary character to protect its interest and by availing itself of this character gained pecuniary advantage by purchase of the properties from the old company in 1939, that the agreement for sale and conveyances in respect thereof were induced by fraud, fraudulent concealment, misrepresentation, undue influence and improper means, that the new company was controlled by the appellants, that all the defendants were privy to the fra11d, that the winding up of the old company was procured by the d.efen-F dants fraudulently, that the plaintiffs discovered the fraud in September 1949, and the plaintiffs were the only shareholders of the old company and as such were entitled to maintain the suit. Defendants 4, 11 and 14 died during the pendency of the suit. The defunct old company impleaded as defendant No. 16 did not appear but the other defendants contested the suit. The Subordinate Judge, the Nilgiris, Ootacamund, dismissed the suit. He held that ( 1) there was no fiduciary relationship between the appellant and the old company; (2) the impugned agreements and conveyances were not induced by fraud, fraudulent conceal-ment, undue influence or improper means and were valid and binding on the old company and the plaintiffs; (3) the suit was barred by limitation; ( 4) the old company was dissolved in accordance with law and was not in existence and ( 5) the plaintiffs had no locus standi to maintain the snit. The plaintiffs filed an appeal from the decree. The Madras High Court allowed

the appeal in part and: passed decree asking the appellant to pay to the plaintiffs Rs. 1,50,000. The High Court held that ( 1) there was fiduciary relationship between the appellant and the old company; (2) the appellant by availing itself of its fidu-ciary character gained pecuniary advantage of Rs. 1,50,000 and to the extent of this unjust enrichment was bound to reim-burse the plaintiffs; (3) the suit was not barred by limitation and ( 4) in spite of the dissolution of the old company the plaintiffs were entitled to maintain the suit. Aggrieved by this decree the appellant company filed C.A. No. 1174 of 1965 and tb.e Wap-shares have filed the cross-appeal C.A. No. 1935 of 1966 on the strength of certificates granted by the High Court under Art. 133 ( 1 )( c) of the Constitution.

The following three questiQDS arise in these appeals :-

( 1) was there fiduciary relationship between the appellant and the old company, and if so, did the appellant company by availing themselves of this fiduciary character gain pecuniary advantage of Rs. 1,50,000;

(2) is the suit barred by limitation; and

( 3) are the plaintiffs as shareholders of the old company entitled to maintain the suit.

It is settled rule of equity that any person bound in fidu-ciary character to protect the interests of another person should not put himself in position where his interest and duty confilct. If by availing himself of his fiduciary character or by entering into any dealings under circumstances in which his interests are or may be adverse to those of such. other person he gains for himself pecuniary advantage, he must hold for the benefit of such other person the advantage so gained, see Trusts Act, s.S8. But there is no rule which incapacitates trustee from dealing with cestui que trust. In Coles v . . Trecothick(') Lord Eldon said :-"a trustee may buy from the cestui que trust, provided there is distinct and clear contract, ascertained to be such after jealous and scrupulous examination of all .the circumstances, proving, that the cestui que trust intended, the trustee should buy; and there is no fraud, no concealment, no advantage taken, by the trustee of information acquired by him in the character of trustee. I admit, it is difficult case to make out, wherever it is contended that the exception prevails." As stated in Kerr on Fraud and Mistake, 6th Ed. page 192 :-

"Thus trustee for sale may purchase the trust estate, if the cestui que trust fully and clearly under-stands with whom he is dealing and makes no objection to the transaction, 3illd the trustee fairly and honestly ---(1) 9 Ve1. fon,. 234, 247; 32E.R. S92, 597.

discloses all that he knows respecting the p{opbtty .and gives just and fair price, and does not seek 'tO secure surreptitiously any advantage for himself. The onus however, rests upon the trustee, and he is bound to produce clear affirmative proof that the parties were at arms' length, that the cestui que trust had the fullest information upon all material facts, and that· having this information he agreed to and adopted what was done."

The appellant company was the secretary of the old company, was in charge of its correspondence and accounts and was actively engaged in assisting it and its shareholders in selling the estates. In course of its employment the appellant acquired intimate know-ledge of the income, prospects and the market value of the pro-perties. We agree with the High Court that the appellant stood in fiduciary relationship towards the old company and was bound to protect its interests. The appellant entered into an agreement with the old company for the purchase of the properties. It pro-moted the new company to which the properties were subsequent-D ly c9nveyed. Fifty per cent of the shares of the new company were held by the appellant company and the new company was managed and controlled by it. The onus is upon the appellant , ' company to establish affirmatively that the transaction was · righteous and that it did not gain any pecuniary advantage by availing itself of its fiduciary character. We are inclined to think that the appellant company has discharged this difficult burden of proof.Since 1931 the Wapshares were keen on selling the estates From time to time there were offers from intending buyers but none of them materialized. In 1936 there was slump in tea and coffee prices. There was possibility that the tea restriction scheme would be abolished and there would be further slump in tea prices. The old company was indebted to the Imperial Bank of India for Rs. I Ot lakhs against the issue of debentures secured by an English mortgage over all the estates. The Bank was pressing for the payment of its dues. There was every like-lihood that in default of payment by November 15, 1937 the trustee for the debenture holders would enter into possession of the estates and sell them without intervention of court. The old company was not in positfon to liquidate the debt wi.thout selling the estates. In April 193'/ M/s. Kuruvilla Bros. agreed to purchase the properties. On May 18, 1937 James Henry Wapshare died. In July 1937 the deal with KuruVilla Bros. fell through. The Wapshares anli the old company tried their best to raise loans and for that purpose issued advertisements and contacted several banks and insurance companies but they were unable to raise any loan. In the beginning of November 1937,

·the Wapshares had before them firm offer from Arbuthnot Lathem & Co. for purchase of the estates for Rs. 14 lakhs. But the Wapshares were not willing to sell Naduvattam. The bungalow . at Naduvattam was the home of the Wapshare family. Nadu-vattam was the highest altitudinal estate, grew the best tea in the area and had very good name in the London tea market. The appellant h~d previously offered to buy all the estates for Rs. 11 t t lakhs only. The Wapshares wanted the appellant to make an · offer which would enable them to retain Naduvattam and at the same time to liquidate the Bank's dues. At the insistence of the Wapshares interviews were 11rranged at Calicut on November 4, and November 6, 1937 between Dorothy and Robert represent-ing the Wapshares and Mr. Thorne representing the appellant. Mr. Thorne could not offer more than Rs. 10 lakhs for all the estates excluding Naduvattam. He told the Wapshares that they should accept the offer of Arbuthnot Lathem & Co. as they would get Rs. 14 lakhs by selling all the estates. The Wapsharcs were anxious to retain Naduvattam and were inclined to accept the appellant's offer. They took some time for consideration and at the same time asked the Arbuthnots for time till November 10, for consideration of their offer. On November 10, Dorothy· sent telegram to the appellant company informing them that the family was agreeable to their new proposal. The draft agreement was sent b'y the appellant on November 11. In the beginning of November Mrs. Wapshare was ill and was in hospital in Bangalore. But on November 10, she was well enough to dis-E , cuss the appellant's proposal. On November 12, she came to Ootacamund and on November 13 she went to her lawyer Gonsalves, discussed the matter with him and gave her consent. Gonsalves was apJ?roached to put the bargain in legal form. 1 He took exception to the draft agreement, but found the formal agreements to be free from blemish. At meeting held on November 18, 1937 the shareholders of the company unanimous-ly accepted the proposal. Mrs. Wapshare, Dorothy, Robert and Edward were present at the meeting. The meeting was also attended by E. W. Simcock, chairman of the company, H. M . . Small, the director, nominated by the Imperial Bank of India and C. K. Pittock. All the Wapshar~s were sui ;uris. Dorothy was shrewd young lady and the best business brain in the family. The Wapshares knew the value of the properties intimately. They knew that Naduvattam if sold separately would not fetch more than Rs. 2 lakhs. Yet they chose to retain Naduvattam and sell their estates for Rs. 10 lakhs instead of selling 11!1 the estates for Rs. 14 lakhs. The reason was that there was no other buyer willing to pay more than Rs. 10 lakhs for the other estates. They had decided not to sell Naduvattam and they were satisfied that RB. 10 lakhs was jnst and fair price for the other estates sold separately from Naduvattam. The appellant's offer enabled them

Arbuthnot lakhs. But bungalow Nadu-the Rs. 11 t t

to keep Naduvattam and at the same time to liquidate the Bank's dues. The deal was satisfactory to them in every way. They obtained all necessary legal advice. The documents were in pro-per legal form. There was no fraud. no concealment and no undue influence. No advantage was taken by the appellant of any information acquired by them in their character as secretary. The Wapshares clearly understood that they were dealing with the appellant company, had the fullest information about all material facts and that having this _information they agreed to sell. They made no complaint about it for 12 years. Their long acquiescence in the sale is evidence that the transaction was fair in all respects, see Parks v. White('). On the whole and especially having regard to the long acquies-cence we hold that the transaction was just and fair and that the appellant did not gain any pecuniary advantage by availing them-selves of their fiduciary character or under circumstances in which their interests were in conflict with those of the old com-pany. In saying so we must ,not be understood to say that we encourage transactions of this type. Having regard to their fiduciary character the appellant company might well have avoided entering into the transaction.

The next question .is with regard to limitation. The convey-ances in favour of the new company were executed on January 14, 1939 and May 15, 1939. Simultaneously with the execution of the conveyances the new company entered into possession of the properties. Even before that date by January 10, 1938 the appellant company had taken possession o.f the properties. The suit was filed on December 21, 1950 when the Indian Limitation Act, 1908 was in force. The plaintiffs cannot claim relief on the ground of fraud and consequently Art. 95, has no application. Section 10 does not apply as the pro-perties are not vested in the new company for the specific purpose of making them over to the old company or to the plaintiffs. Article 144 does not apply for several reasons. In the plaint there is no prayer for recovery of possession. The plaintiffs claim declaratory reliefs, decree vesting or re-transferring the pro-G perties to the old company or to the plaintiffs and accounts. Such suit is governed by Art. 120. The High Court passed decree for money and not for recovery of immovable properties. suit for such relief would be governed by Art. 120. Even if the suit is treated as one for recovery of possession of the properties it would be governed by Art. 120 and not by Art. 144. The old company could not ask for recovery of the properties until they obtained reconveyance from the new company. The cause of action for this relief arose in 1939 when the properties were

11 Yes. June. 209, 226 ;32 E.R. 106~, 1074.

conveyed to the new company. suit for this relief was barred under Art. 120 on the expiry of six years. After t.he expiry of this period the old company could not file suit for recovery of possession. In Rani Chhatra Kumari Devi v. Prince Mohan' Bikram Shah(') the Privy Council held that in case where the property was not held by the trustee for the specific purpose of making it over to the beneficiary and the trust did not fall within s. 10, suit by the beneficiary claiming recovery of posses-sion from the trustee was governed by Art. 120. Sir George Lowndes said.-

"The trustee is, in their Lordships' opinion, the owner of the trust property, the right of the benefi-ciary being in proper case to call upon the trustee to convey to him. The enforcement of this right would, their Lordships think, be barred after six years under art. 120 of the Limitation Act, and if the beneficiary has allowed this period to expire without suing, he cannot afterwards file possessory suit, as until convey-ance he is not the owner."

It follows that the suit is barred by limitation.

The third question relates to the maintainability of the suit. The plaintiffs sued to recover properties belonging to the old company. The company went into voluntary liquidation and was wound up. As already stated the company stood dissolved on March 1, 1940 under s. 209H of the Indian Companies Act, 1913. No application was made within 2 years to declare the dissolution to be void under s. 243. Apart from s. 243 the dis-solution might possibly be set aside in suit on the ground of fraud, but the plaintiffs failed to establish any fraud affec;ting the dissolution. The dissolution has put an end to the existence of the company. In these circumstances, the appellant contends that all the properties and the rights of the old company, if any. have vested in the Government by escheat or as bona rncantia and the plaintiffs cannot sue for the recovery of its properties. The plaintiffs dispute the right of the Government to take the pro-perties by escheat or as bona vacantia, and they contend that on the dissolution of the old company. its assets have now vested in its shareholders.

The common law of England recognises the right of the Crown to take property by escheat or as bona vacantia. Escheat proper was the lord's right of re-entry on real property held by tenant dying intestate without lawful heirs. It was an incident of feudal tenure and was based on the want of tenant to per-form the feudal services, see : Halsbury's Laws of England. vol. 16.

(I) L.R. 58 I.A. 279.

art. 830. On the tenant dying intestate without leaving any lawful heirs his estate came to an end and the lord was in by his own right and not by way of succession or inheritance from the tenant, see: Attorney-Genera/ of Ontario v. Andrew F. Mercer(') In most cases the land cscheated to the Crown as the lord para-mount, in view of the gradual elimination of intermediate or mesne lords since 1290. The Crown takes as bona vacantia goods in which no one else can claim property. In Dyke v. Walford(') it was said that "it ·is the right of the Crown to bona vacantia, to property which has no other owner." The right of the Crown to take as bona vacantia extends to personal property of every I.ind, see: In re. We/ls, Swinburne-Hanham v. Howard('). Escheat of real property of an intestate dying without heirs was abolished in 1925 and the Crown now takes all his properties as bona vacantia. On the dissolution of company the Crown took its real property by escheat and its personal property as bonal vacantia. Technical escheat of the property of dissolved com-pany was abolished in 1929 and now under s. 354 of the English Companies Act, 1948 all the property and rights of oissolved company is deemed to be bona vacantia and accordingly belongs to the Crown.The right of the Government to take by escheat for want of an heir or successor or as bona vacantia for want of rightful owner has been recognised in our country for long time. Statute 16 & 17 Victoriae, C. 95, s. 27, an Act to provide for the govern-ment of India asserted that "all real and personal estate within the said territories escheating or lapsing for want of an heir or succes-sor, and all property within the said territories devolving as bona vacantia for want of rightful owner, shall (as part of the re-venues of India) belong to the East India Company in trust for Her Majesty for the service of the government of India." By s. 54 of the Government of India Act, 1858 the existing provision was continued in force and was construed as referring to the Secretary of State in Council in place of the company. Section 20(3)(iii) of the Government of Tndia Act, 1915 provided that the revenues of India received for His Majesty would include "all movable or immovable property in British India escheating or lapsing for want of an heir or successor, and all property in British India devolving as bona vacantia for want of rightful owner." Section 174 of the Government of India Act, 1935 provided :

"Subject as hereinafter provided, any property in India accruing to His Majesty by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia for want of rightful owner, shall, if it is

(I) 8 A.C 767, 772. (2) 5 Moore P.C. 434. 496; 13 E.R. 557, 080. (3) [19J:l] 1 Ch. 29, 49.

property situate in Province, vest in His Majesty for the purposes of the government of that Province, and shall in any other case vest in His Majesty for the pur-pose of the government of the Federatiqn."

Article 296 of the Constitution now provides :-

"Subject as hereinafter provided, any property in the territory of India which, if this Constitution had not come into operation, would have accrued to His Majesty or, as the case may be, to the Ruler of an Indian State by escheat or lapse, or as bona vacantia for want of rightful owner, shall if it is property situate in State, vest in such State, and shall, in any other case, vest in the Union."

These enactments show that in this country the Government takes by escheat immovable as well as movable property for want of an heir or successor. In· this country escheat is not based on artificial rules of common law and is not an incident of feudal tenure. It is an incident of sovereignty and rests on the principle of ultimate ownership by the State of all property within its juris-diction. "Private ownership not existi:ng, the State must be owner as ultimate lord'', see: Collector of Masulipatam v. C. Vencqta Narainapah('). The rules of English feudal law relating to mesne lords are not applicable, and consequently the zamindar could not take by escheat the land of tenant dying without heirs. The right of escheat belongs to the Government only, see Ranee Sonet Kowar v. Mirza Himmut Bahadoor(2). The Government h~s the right to take all property within its jurisdiction by escheat for want of an heir or successor and as bona vacantia for want of rightful owner, see : Bombay Dyeing & Manufacturing Co. v. State of Bombay("), Legal Remembrancer v. Corporation of Calcutta('). Consequently the property of an intestate dying without leaving lawful heirs, and the property of dissolved cor-poration passes to the Government by escheat or as bona vacantia. The property taken by escheat or as bona vacantia belongs to the Government, subject to trusts and charges, if any, previously affecting it.

As already stated, technical escheat of the real property of dissolved company was abolished in England in 1929 and s. 354 of the Companies Act 1948 now provides that all property and rights of dissolved company shall be deemed to be bona vacantia and shall accordingly belong to the Crown. There was no statutory provision like s. 354 before 1929. In the absence of such provision, the Crown took the real property of com-pany dissolved before 1929 by escheat and its personal property

(I) 8 M. I. A. 500, 525.

(2) L.R. 3 I.A. 92, 101.

()[19581 S.C.R. 1122, 1146.

(4) [1967] 2 S.C.R.170. 204.

as bona vacantia, except in so far as its right was cut down by statute, see: In re. Wells('). Likewise in this cou.ntry, the Govern· ment took by escheat or as bona vacantia all the properties of company dissolved under the Indian Companies Act, 1913 except in so far as its right was cut down by that Act. P. B. Mukherjee, J. expressed similar opinion In re U.N. Mandafs 8 Estate(').

Accordingly the shareholders or creditors of the dissolved com-pany cannot maintain any action for recovery of its assets. No effective relief can be given in such action, as the company is not party and the assets cannot be restored to its coffers. On this ground in Coxon v. Garst(") an action by creditors for re-covery of moneys due to the dissolved company was dismissC(f, and in In re. Lewis & Smart, Ltd.(') it was held that pending mis-feasance summons abated on the dissolution of the company.

The plaintiffs' contention that the properties of dissolved company passed to its shareholders is based upon American law, which is stated in American Jurisprudence, 2d, Corporations, art. 1659 thus : "Apart from statutory provisions which frequently embody the following rule also, the general equitable rule now followed in this country is that upon the dissolution of corpora-tion, the property and assets of the corporation constitute trust fund for the benefit of its creditors and stockholders. This rule necessarily displaces and makes obsolete the early common law rules as to the reverter of real estate and the escheat of the personal estate of corporation in such case, and practically makes obso-lete the doctrine as to the extinguishment of the debts owing by and to the corporation in such cases. Stated in another way, the rule is that after the .dissolution of corporation, its property passes to its stockholders subject to t)\e payment of the corporate debts. The inherent jurisdiction of equity over trusts embraces the powc!r to administer the assets of dissolved corporation." The subject of dissolution of corporations is dicussed in Arts. 1628 to 1696 of the book. The corporation is dissolved by judgment of court (art. 1645). For the purpose of complete winding up of its affairs, statutes provide that even after dissolu-. tion the corporation shall continue to exist and may sue or be sued for limited period, see arts. 1662, 1668, 1669, 1671. 1673, Statutes also provide for appointment of trustee for the dissolved corporation and their effect is to convert its properties into trust fund and to abrogate the common law rule of escheat, arts. 1676, 1677. The stockholders of the dissolved corporation can accordingly maintain an action against the trustee for distribution

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(!) [19331 I Ch. 29, 49. (3) [1891] 2 Ch. 73.

(2) A.LR. 1959 Cal. 493, 498. (4) [1954] .I W.LR. 755.

of the surplus assets after payment of the debts of the corporation, see Bacon v. Robertson (1).

The law in our country is very different. Here the winding up precedes the dissolution. There is no statutory provision vest· ing the properties of dissolved company in trustee or having the effect of abrogating the law of escheat. The shareholders or creditors of dissolved company cannot be regarded as its heirs and successors. On dissolution of company, its properties, if any, vest in the government. In Coxon v. Garst(')· page 78 Chitty, J. summarily rejected the contention that chose in action vested in company passed on the dissolution to its creditors. He said : "This supposed vesting in the creditors of the company's choses in action is mere fiction with nothing in the statute to support it, and is in the teeth of the provisions of the statute." It follows that the plaintiffs are not entitled to maintain this suit.

questiQn may arise whether the Government takes the pro· perty of dissolved insolvent company subject to trust for pay-ment of its debts, see in this connection, In the matter of Chandbali S.S. Co.,(') and In Re Wells(') at pages 38 and 50. But that question does not arise in the present case and we express no opinion on it.

In the result, C.A. No. 1174 of. 1965 is allowed, the decree passed by the High Court is set aside and the decree passed by the Trial Court is restored. C.A. No. 1935 of 1966 is dismissed. There will be no order as to costs in this Court and in the High Court.

C.A. No. 1174/65 allowed. C.A. No. 1935/66 dismissed.

(I) 15 Law ed. 499. (J) 60 C.W.N. 278, 284-286.

(2) [1891] 2 Ch. 73. (4) [1933] 1 Ch. 29,