THE PANIPAT CO-OPERATIVE SUGAR MILLS versus THE UNION OF INDIA

THE PANIPAT CO-OPERATIVE SUGAR MILLS v.

THE UNION OF INDIA

November 6, 1972

[J.M. SHELAT, A. N. GROVER, K. K. MATHEW, A. K. MUKHERJEA AND Y. V. CHANDRACHUD, JJ.] Essential Commodities Act (10 of 1955); s.3 (3C)cls. (a) to (d)--Scope of.

From 1958 and even earlier,. ex-factory prices of sugar were worked out or. the basis of cost-schedules prepared by expert bodies appointed for !hot purpose. The prices in the cost schedules were prepared in respect of the entire production of sugar and not in relation only to that part of it which was required to be sold to government (referred to as levy sugar), although, partial control in one form or another was in vogue. Such cost-schedules were prepared on the basis of average duration and recovery i the minimum price of cane, the average cost of production in the various zones. taxes and fair return on the capital ,emplOyed in the industry. In 1967, the Central Government was confronted with the two problems : (a) the deterioration in the sugar indu•try, and (b) the conflicting interests of the manufactureri the consumer and the cane grower. Accordingly Government announced its policy of partial cootrol under which 60% of the output of sugar would be acquired and the balance of 40%would be left for free sale. To implement this policy sub-s.3 (3C) was enacted in the Essential Commodities Act. 1955. Under the sub-section there must be an order under s. 3(2) (f) whereby producer is required to sell sugar to the Gov-ernment. There shall then be paid to the producer an amount there or, that is, for such stock of sugar as is required 1'~ be sold; and such amount shall be calculated with refrence to such price of sugar as the Central Government may, by order determine, having regard to the four factors set out in els. (a), (b), (c) and (d) of s. 3(3C). Clause (a) provides for the minimum price, if a:iv, fixed for sugar cane by the Central Government.under s.. 3; Cl. (b) refers to the manufacturing cost of sugar, Cl. (c) to the duty or tax, i'f any or payable thereon: and Cl. (d) to the securing of reasonable return on the capital employed in the business of manufacturing sugar. The words 'notwithstanding anything contained in sub-s.(3) suggests that the nmount payable to the person required to sell the stock of sugar would be with refe:ence t'O the price fixed under sub-s (3C). (865 E: 868 F-H; 870 D-G; 874B] In pursuance of the power reserved to it under s.3(2).(f) and s.3(3C) the Central Government required sugar factories, including the appellant-ccmpanies to sell to it 60% of their production during 1970-71 at prices fixed by it under the Sugar (Price Determination) Order, 1971. The prices \\'ere fixed on the principles laid down by the Tariff Commission and othc: expert bodies. The appellants filed writ petitions in the High Court for quashing the Order and for refixation of the ex-factory pric,e for 1970-71 in respect of the sugar required to be sold to the Government under s.3(2) (f). The High Court dismissed the writ petitions. In appeal to this Court it w<is contended by the appellants that sub-section (3C), and its cl. (d) must be construed to be de•lin~ with levy sugar only, that reasonable return under cl. (d) should be assured unitwise, and that the profit on the free sale of sugar should not be taken into

account in considering whether reasonable return has been allowed on the capital employed.

Dismissing the appeal,

HELD : On the constru~tion of sub-s. (3C) and on the evidence pro-duced there is no case for quashing the Sugar (Price Determination) . Order, nor, for refixation of the price fixed by the Goy.ernment under the suh·section. [881 DJ

Determination) .

(a I The sub-section pr""' ides two things, (l) the determination by the Government of fair price during the process of which regard shall be hJ.d to the fOur matters set out therein, and (2) payment to the manu-factur.:r. part of \\hose stock is levied, an 'amount therefor', calculated \\:ith f'.!f~rcnce to 'such .price· as the Cen,tral Governntent may determine. The words ·amount therefor' mean the amount to be paid to the manu-facturer in respect of such quantity of stock as is required lo be sold under an order made with referenco to sub-s. (2)(f). That amou~t is th~rcforc referable to the stock of sugar specified in such order. that is to say. the le\ y sugar. The \\'Ord~ ·such price of sugar' relate to the price "hich the Central guvernment has to determine having re[!9rd to els. (al, (b), (c) and (d). Though the payment would of course be for the stock required to be sold to Government, there is nothing in sub-s. ( 3C) to suggest that the price to be determined is to be with respect to that part of the stock of particular manufacturer \\'hich is required to he sold to the Gowrnment. [871 A-E]

(b) fair price for sugar had to be such trtat would harmonise and satisfv at least to reasonable extent all the conflicting interests. It could not n1ean the actu;.1l cost and return of every individual unit because. (i) it would be impracticable and (ii) because it would he rewarding the inefficient and the uneconomic. The basis of fair price would be cost scheJules v,:orked out \Vith respect to reasonable. efficient and economic r·opresentative cross-section of the industry. claim that such a. price had to be determined unitwbe and reasonable return is to be ensured to e"ch unit or tlrat such price with such return should only be· in respect of that part of its stock required to be sold under sub-s. 3(2) (f) would be inconsistent with the concept of partial control, the background in which it was evolved, and the objects which it attempted to secure. Su·:h •a policy meant determination of fair price on the basis of which pro-ducer would be paid for part of stock required to be sold to Government. The fair price would have to be determined having regard to the four factors set out in the sub·section. Though factors (a) and (cl would be static. ractor (b) would largely depend on variables. such as duration and recovery. the prices of fuel. labour etc. differing from zone to zone or even \l.'ithin the same zone, necessitating the averaging and costing of representative cross-section of units. Therefore. fair price could only mean securing reasonable req.1fn to the industry as whole and not to each unit. or in respect of only the stock required to be sold com-pulsorily to the Governme.'ll. [873 H; 874 G·H; 875 A·F]

(c) This does not however mean that Government can fix anv arbi-trary price, or on extraneous considerations. or price which does n9t secure reasonable return on the capital employed in the industry. Such fixation would evoke chalknge, both on the grounds of its being in-consist~nt with the guidelines built in· the sub-section and its being: ·in contravention of Arts. 19(1 )(f) and (g) and 31 of the Constitution. [875 F·H]

[On the materials placed before it the Court found that the price fixed with respect to the appellants ensured reasonable return on the C"apital employed and that there was no necessity for its refixatioo.] CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 1357 to J 359 of 1972.

Civil Appeals Nos. 1357

Appeals by certificate from the judgment and order dated January 10, 1972 of Delhi High Court at New Delhi in Civil Writ Petition~ Nos. 405, 381 and 486 of 1971.

H. L. Sibal and Bishamber Lal, for the appellants the appeals).

(in all

L. N. Sinha, Solicitor-General of India,

G. L. Sanghi and

S. 1'. Nayar· for the respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

SHELAT, J. These thre.: appeals, by certificate, arise out of three writ petitions filed in he High Court of Delhi for quashing the Sugar (Price Det·~nnination) Order, 1971 made under s. 3(3C) of the fasential Commodities Act, 10 of 1955, and for direction requiring the Central Government to rcfix the ex-factory price for 1970-71 in respect of sugar required to be sold to Gov-·ernrnent under s. 3(2) (f) of the Act. The High Court dismis9~d the writ peti.tions and hence these appeals.

The appellants are three public limited companies having fac-tories in Haryana State where they carry on the business of manu-facturing and selling sugar, an essential commodity within the meaning of tlv~ Act. The Act empowers the Central Govern-ment to control the production and distribution inter a/ia of sugar with the object of maintaining its supply and its equitable distri-bntion. Under ~cc. 3, the Central Government has been authorised to require manufacturer of sugar to sell to it or to State Govern-ment or any other authorised person either the whole of his stock or part of it at fair price fixed by it. In pur.suance of power reserved to it under s. 3(2) (f) ands. 3(3C), the Ccntrnl Gov-ernment required the s4gar factories, including the app~llant­companies 10 sell to it 60% of their production during the year 1970-71 at prices fixed by it, the price fixed for the factories in Haryana zone under the impugned order being Rs. 124.63 per auin~.,!.

The principal questions arise in these appeals : (I) what is the trne interpretation of s. 3(3C), and (2) whether the price of Rs. 124.63 was in accordance with the provisicns of s. 3(3C)?

Before we proceed to consider these questions it would. we think, be better to set out briefly the history of control over sugar

production and its distribution and the method followed in the fixation by Government of the fair, or what has for brevity's sake been named, the levy price of sugar. ·

The concept oi statutory control over sugarcane is as old as 1934 when the Central Sugar Cane Act, 1934 was enacted. Under that Act and orders passed thereunder Government used to fix the minimum price for cane. Since 1950 and later on under the Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1955, such minimum price for cane nsed to be fixed having regard to (a) the cost of production of cane, (b) the return to the itrowers from alternative crops, and ( c) fair price o~ sugar to the consumer. So far as supar is concerned, statutory control over it was first imposed in 1942 under the Sugar and Sugar Products Control Order, 1942. The Sugar Controller thereun<l~r regulated pro-duction, distribution and prices of sugar. From May 1, 1942, no sugar factory was permitted to effect sales except to authorised persons. This position continued until December 8, 1947 when sugar was decontrolled. In 1949, statutory control was once more imirised under which ex-factory price of Rs. 76.35 per quintal for D-24 grade was fixed, as during that year sugar pro-duction declined. There was also substantial diversion of cane to gur and khandsari industry. Contrnl over sugar was relaxed in 1950 in that production- over 90% of the total production of each fact-o;-y was allowed free sale. This policy was subsequently modified and 953 of the average production of each factory dur-ing the two preceding years was fixed as basic quota and half of the production in excess of that quota was allowed free sale, while the oth~r half together with the basic quota was reserved for sale at controlled prices. Since conditions appeared to improve, con-F trol was taken off in 1952-1953, except that small pqrtion of production was reserved for sale at controlled prices. · But as prices spiralled, Government in April 1954 requisitioned 25% of the stock for distribution on tender basis. During 1954-55 to 1956-57 no controlled prices were fixed. By 1.958 the prices began to soar and the Government once more decided to impose control. During 1958 Government requested the Tariff Commission to examine the cost structure of sugar and fair price which should be paid to the sugar industry. Such an exercise was not new, for, as early as 1947, and in 1951 and 1955 these questions had been gone through, in 1947 by one Dr. Srivastava, and in later years by expert committees appointed by Government. These com-mittees worked ont cost schedules and fair price to ~ paid to the industry but on an All-India basis. 'These cost-schedules were not fair as they did not take into account disparities existing from

region to region in the matter of price of cane, percentage ·of recovery and duration of the crushing season.

The Tariff Commission in 1959 did away with the all-India cost-schedule and instead constructed four zonal cost schedules having regard to their respective duration and recovery percen-tage on. which fair price could be fixed. Government then requisitioned the stock of sugar and distributed sugar at fixed prices. In September 1961, the Government removed control as the situation had improved. But the next two years witnessed substantial fall in production and rise in prices. Government then passed the Sugar (Control) Order, 1963 under which it fixed ex-factory prices for different regions and regulated distri-bution according to quotas fixed for each State. Government in the meantime h:id worked out cost-schedules for as many as 22 zones, according to which, it fixed ex-factory prices ranging from Rs. 116 to Rs. 125 per quintal.. Qn August 3. 1964, Government appointed the Sugar Enquiry Commission. The Commission in its Report deprecated the Government's practice of incro~asing the number of zones to 20 and more and recommended only five zones. The Commission worked out the cost-schedules for these five zones on the basis of duration and recovery percentage in each of the zones and on the basis of minimum cane price, cess or tax, commission of co-opera-tive societies, transport charges, driage and other expense', pack-ing, grade differential and selling expenses. Tlie Commission r~commended that while working out the ex-factory prices fo1 each year on the basis of these cost-schedules Government should make adjustments whenever any escalation took place in cost ele-ments such .as wages, taxes, packing charges. etc. On the ques-tion of return, the Commission observed as follows :

"The Tariff Commission, in its last inquiry (1958) recomemnded return at 12 per cent on capital em-ployed. Jn doing so, it took into consideration factors such as the dependence of the industry on an agricul-tural raw material. the supply of which is affected by several jrnponderables, e.g., weather and pests and diseases. number of factories located in f.1,:~1.irable regions have made ample profits. In fact, the SJnole factories earned as much as 15.69 per cent in 1963-64-Sizeable expansions in capacity have taken place. The Commission is satisfied that the rate of return of 12 per cent is not unreasonable and should encourage ex-pansion of the industry. .The Commission is aware that the rate of return indicated will not be realised by each individual unit in each zone. Majority of·the units in zone, however, should be able to earn this return it

they maintain reasonable degree of efficiency. The method adopted and followed by the Commission in assessing the working capital is th~ same as was adopt-ed by the Tariff Commission in its 1959 Inquiry."

There were two criteria for fixation of ex-factory prices; ( 1) estimated cost of production detem1ined according to the cost-B schedulcs prepared by the Tariff Commission in 1959 and adjust-ed from time to time to provide for increa&~ in any of the elements of costs, and (2) average of prices at which sugar was sold in an area during two to three months immediately before April l, i963. From 1964-.65 to 1966-67 Government fixed ex-factory prices on the basis of the cost-schedules work>~ out by the Sugar Enquiry Commission. But the year 1966-67 turned out to be the worst year in the decade owing to draught. Production of cane fell by 22% and that of sugar by 403 as compared to 1965-66. It was kit that the outlook for 1967-68 would be gloomier still as further fall in the area under cane plantation would be by about 11 %. '

To avoid such prospect some steps had to be taken providing incentives for maximising sugar production and increasing the compctitiveness of sugar factories. vis-a-vis gur and khandsari factories in se£uring cane by offering prices h;igher than the floor prices. Accordingly, Government announced in August 1967 its policy of partial control under which 603 of the output of sugar would be acquired and the balance of 40% would be left for free sale. To implement this policy, Government secured the passage of sub-s. 3C in s. 3 of the Act 1hrough Parliament. Having done that. it fixed the ex-factory prices on Dectmber 8, 1967 which as finalised in May 1968 vari·~d from Rs. 145 'to Rs. 169.50 per Quintal. These were fixed on the principles laid down by the Tariff Commission and the Sugar Enquiry Commission earlier. l'iz., on the basis of (a)· floor price of cane fixed by Government. (b) cess or tax payable thereon, ( c) the manufacturing cost, and ( d) reasonable· return on capital employed. Since the cost-schedules worked out by the Sugar Enquiry Commiss,ion had by now become obsolete, Government in 1968 reQuest>~ the Tariff Commission to construct fresh cost schedules. The Commission selected 68 out of 200 working units in the industry for a. detailed cost study. For the rest, it sent out ela-borate cost forms for submitting the requisite data pertaining to 1966-67. For Haryana. out of the three units, one was selected for the detailed cost study.

The Commission first worked out actual cost of production state-wise, by taking into accoum number of units in each Stare, their installed average crushing capacity, the cane actually crushed per day, and the average yield of sugar. In this way the

ex-faC'lory cost per quintal of sugar came to Rs. 104.43, This figure took into account the actual price paid for cane, which was often higher than the minimum price fixed by Government, harvesting charges where incurred, transport, cess/ purchase tax, and factory conversion charges which included salaries/wage>. power, fuel, stores, repairs, maintenance, packing and other over-heads. These average costs represented the average cos(s of sugar covering all grades. tlut the factories in different States had different durations depending on the availability of sugar cane in adequate supplies and different recoveries of sugar differ-ing from factory to factory. direct coinparisoil. of actual costs between factories or States would, therefore, have· led to unrealis-tic results. These differing factors had, therefore, to be reduced to common measure. For these purposes the Commission took into account five years average recovery and duration of region as !he base.Having regard 10 the wide disparity in duration and recovery of sugar, the costs were initially reduced to standard duration of 120 days (of 22 hours each) with uniform recovery of I 0 per cent so as to have comparison of costs as between units in zone. Also the differential relating to different grades of sugar produced by the units was adjusted and. common schedule for D-29 grade was evolved. On this basis the conversion charges for each State were w"rked out. These did not includel transport charges on cane, selling expenses and returr.. On such calculation, the conversion charges for Haryana, including depreciation, at the rate permissible under the Income Tax Act came to Rs. ! 9.58 as against the All-Ir.dia weighted average of Rs. 25.20 per quintal. For salaries/wages, the recommendations of the Central Wage Board for Sugar Industry fonned the base. For stores and repairs the cost and variations therein from Stare to State were based on the index of wholesale figures published by the 'Economic Adviser to the Ministry of Industrial Development and Company Affairs. For future an incidence of increase of 3% per annum was taken into account, i.e., for the years 1968-69 to 1970-71. The minimum bonus at the statutorily payable and managerial expenses were included in the costs of conversion; so also the transport charges from the factories to railway stations and the loading and unloading charges. For this. the base was the actual charges in 1966-67 which came to 15 paise per quintal for most of the States. For rehabilitation, the Com-mission suggested Rs. 2 per quintal.

Owing to the wide ranging differences in the capital costs of various units as also differences from State to State. the Com-mission did not think it realistic to recommend return worked out according to the conventional method. calculation of

return of unifonn percentage on the basis of such widely vary-ing capital costs from unit to unit and State to· State would tend to vary the portion of the return margin substantially and confer an unwarranted benefit on the low cost units. At the s;une time, reasonable return was indispensable if expansion was to be encouraged and fresh capital investment in the industry attracted, which according to the Reserve Bank's industry-wise study, showed the lowest profit percentage in sugar industry of all other industries. The Commission, therefore, suggi:sted. uniform amount per quintal as margin to be added to the other costs in arriving at the fair price of sugar. The Commission for the reasons aforesaid was of the view that an amount of Rs. l 0.50 would be fair return which would be equivalent to 12.53 on the zonal averages of capital employed. According to Appendix 37 to the report, the average return at 12.5% on capital employed on the units in Haryana worked out at Rs. 10.40 per quintal to be added to the fair price worked 0ut for that region. By adopting the standardised figure of Rs. 10.50 per quintal the range of variations from region to region was expected to be narrowed down from Rs. 11.88 in the case of South Bihar to Rs. 16.94 in die case of Orissa, Kerala, Assam and West Bengal.It is quite clear that what the Commission did was to con-E · struct cost schedules and fair price of the entire production and not merely of the levy sugar. The return and rehabilitation also -.wre worked out on the basis of the capital employed in the entire production and not the capital employed for the production of levy sugar. Thus, in Table 9.6 at page 80 of i'ts report, the Commission included Rs. 12.50 (being return and rehabilitation) in the ex-works price of sugar. There is nothing in that tab!., which would suggest that it was confined to levy sugar. Indeed Ch. 9 in which this table appears is headed "Cost Structure and Price Fixation'', that is the ex-works price. In calculating the ex-factory price. the Commission took the minimum price of cane fixed by Goverrunent ·and not the actual price paid by the manufacturer as was also done by the Commission in 1959 and by the Sugar Enquiry Commission in 1955. On this basis the ex:fact<n1'. price for Haryana worked out to Rs. 128.69 per qumtal (1.e., cost of cane Rs. 89.73, conversion charges Rs. 26.46, i:eturn and rehabilitation Rs. 12.50) for· the year 1966-67 on the basis of the average of the past five years' duration and recovery. The cost of cane would of course depend on the minimum price fixed for each year by Government. The figure of Rs. 69.73 was the minimum price fixed for 1966-67. It also did not indlude the co-operative society's commission, if any, the purchase tax or cess and the margin for cane driage. 4-L521Sup.Cl/73

These were ·~xpected to be worked out by the authority fixing the fair price for each zone for particular Y.ear.

The cost schedule for conversion in the light o[ duration and recovery for each zone was made up of expenses classified as constants, variables, semi-variables and fixed expenses. For Haryana, it worked out to Rs. 26.46 per quintal on the basis of avera,!l,e dur~tion of 125 days (of 22 hours) and 8.70 recovery. The cost schedule made up of the aforesaid expenses did not in-clude (i) price of cane, (ii) commission to cooperative society, if any, (iii) purchase tax or cess and (iv) driage of cane, as these would be taken into account while fixing the minimum cane price. The constants comprise packing and grade differentials which would be static. The variables comprise seasonal expenses. i.e .. other than those incurred nonnally when crushing does not take pl~.ce, i;uch as. wages of seasonal recruits excluding allowances for retainers, relevant parts of stores, repairs, transport on cane, shift depreciation, overheads and credit for recoveries. Semi-variables would comprise power and fuel and retainer allowances which won1d vary with duration and recovery. Fixed charges . would be expenses other than those covered by the three aforesaid ex-penses and which are of fixed nature irresp·~ctive of duration and recovery. The sum total of these classified expenses would make up the conversion costs. To these and the minimum price of cane would be .added Rs. 2 for rehabilitation and Rs. 10.50 as return on capital employed and excise duty. The Government did not accept the recommendation as to rehabilitation and defe1Ted its decision thereon for reasons stated in its resolution dated February 20, 1970, by which it accepted the other recommendations as also the cost-schedules worked out by the Conmtission, the number of zones, return of fixed sum of"Rs. 10.50, etc.

The history of control over sugar set out above shows that right from 1958 and even earlier, ex-factory prices of sugar were worked out on the basis of cost-schedules prepared by expert bodies appointed for that purpose, that such prices and cost-schedules were prepared in respect of the entire production and not in relation only to that part of it which was required to be sold to G:overnment, although partial con'trol in one form or the other was in vogue for some periods before 1967, that such cost-schedu1es were prepared on the basisjof average duration and recovery, the minimum price of cane; the averaged co~,t of pro-duction i11 the various zones, taxes, and lastly. rnturn on the capital employed, which as· stated above was fixed at the static figure of Rs. 10.50 per quintal, that being the amount considered fair return on capital employed in tho~ industry. Both the Cen-tral Government and Parliament were aware of the methods

fol10wed by these expert bodies in framing cost-schedules on-the basis of which ex-factory prices were fixed, the problems which the Government was faced with in securing adequate supply of sugar and its equitable distribution at reasonable price to remedy which sub-s. 3C was enacted. It is in the light of this back-ground that the provisions of that sub-section can be properly understood.

The Act, as its long title suggests, was enacted to provide for the control of production, supply and distribution of, and trade and commerce in, certain commodities, sugar being one of such commodities. Sec. 3 empowers the Central Gov~rnmcut, if it is of opinion that it is necessary or expedient to do so for maintain-c ing or increasing supplies of any essential commodity or for securing their equitable distribution and availability at fair prices, to provide by an order for regulating or prohibiting production, supply and distribution thereof. Under its sub-section ( 2) cl. (f), such an order may require any person holding in stock any essential commodity to sell the whole or specified part of it to the Central or State Government or an authorised person and in such circumstances as may be specified therein. Sub-s. 3 requires that where any person sells any essential commodity in compliance with an order made under sub-s. 2 cl. (f), there shall be paid to him the price the]1:for (a) where the price can, consistently with the controlled price, if any, fixed under this section, be agreed upon, the a,greed price; (b) where no such agreement can be reached, the price calculated with reference to the controlled price, if any, or ( c) where neither cl. (a), nor cl. (b) applies, the price calculated at the market pric.e prevailing in the locality at .the date of sale. Payment at market price would have to be made ooder this sub-sectiQn only when there is no agreed or controlled price. Sub-secs. 3A and 3B then make provisions with reeard to sale of foodstuffs and foodgrains. Under sub-sec. 3A, the Central Government' js empowered, if it is of opinion that it is necessary so to do for controllin.g the rise i!l prices or preventing the hoard-ing of any foodstuff in any locality, to direct by notification that not_withstanding anything contained in sub-sec. ( 3), the price at which the foodstuff shall be sold in the localtiy in compliance with an order made under sub-sec. 2(f) shall be regulated in accor-dence with the provisions of this sub-section. Where after the issue of notification under this sub-section, any person sells foodstuff of the kind and in the locality specified the~in, in com-pliance with an order made with reference to sub-sec. 2 cl. (f), there shal.l be pai.d to the ~eller as the price therefor, (a) the ag;eed pnce consis.tently With the controlled price, if any; (b) the pnce calculated with reference to the controlled price, if any, where no such agreement can be reached, or ( c) where neither cl. (a), nor cl. (b) applies, the price calculated with reference tothe average market rate as provided therein. Under sub-sec. 3B, where person is required to sell any foodgrains, edible oilseeds or edi~le oils to the Central or State Goverlllllent, or to person a.uthonsed in that behalf, and no notification in respect of such foodgrains; oilseeds or oils bas been issued under sub-sec. 3A or is_ in force, there shall be paid as the price for such foodgrains,. oilseeds or oils, (i) the contro!led price, if any, or (ii) where no such price is iPced the j)rice prevailing or_ likely to prevail during the post-harvest penod m the area to which the order applies. B-:>th under sub-sec. 3A and 3B, the question of market price can only arise where there is no controlled or fixed price or price agreed consi;r~ntly with the controiled price, if any. Each of these .mb-secfrms makes separate provision for tlie price at which 1he commodities therein dealt with is to be paid.

Under sub-sec. 3B, or (ii) where no likely to prevail during price or price any. Each of

Sub-sec. 3C, with which we are presently concerned, was _in-serted in sec. 3 by sec. 3 of Act 36 of 1967. 1:he si:b-secuon lays down two conditions which must exiJt O.:fore 11 applies. The first is thllt there must be an order made with reference •to sub-sec. 2 cl. (f), and the second is that there is no notification .under siab-sec. 3A or if any such notification has b.een issued it is no longer in force owing to efflux of time. Next, the words "not-withstanding anything contained in sub-section" suggest that the amount payable to the person required to sell his stock of ;;ugar would be with reference to the price fixed under the sub-section and not the ai:rced price or the market price in the absence of any controlled price under sub-sec. 3A. The sub-section then lays down two things; firstly, that where producer i& P~quired by an order with reference to sub-sec. Z(f:• to sell any kind of sugar, there shall be paid to that producer an amount therefor, that is for such stock of sugar as is required to be sold, and secondly, that such amount shall be calculated with reference to such price of sugar as the Central Governnfcnt may, by order, cktermine; hav-ing regard to th·~ four factors set out in els. (a), (b), (c) and (d). Unlike the preceding three sub-sections under which the amount payable is either the agreed price, or the controlled price, or where neither of .these prices is applicable at the market or aver-age market price, the amount in respect of sugar ruquired to be sold is to be calculated at the price detem1ined by the Central Government. The last words of the sub-section empower the Central Government to determine price either from time to time or for different areas, which means that it may determine zonal or regional prices, or for different factories, i.e., unit-wise, or for different kinds of grades of sugar.

The two concepts, viz., the amount payable to the producer and the price to be determined by Government are distinct and much of the confusion in interpreting the sub-section would be

dispelled if they were seen distinctly. The words "amount there-for" mean the amount to be paid to the manufacturer in respect of such quantity of his stock as is required to be sold under an order made with reference to sub-sec. 2(f). That amount is, therefore, referable to the stock of sugar specified in such order, that is to say, the levy sugar. The words "such price of sugar'', relate to the price which the Central Government has to deter-mine having regard to els. (a), (b), (c) and (d). The price to be so determined is not relatable or confined to the stock required to be sold, for the words are "such price of sugar" and not "the price for such sugar". This construction is fortified by the penul-timate part of the sub-section which authorises the Central Gov-c ernment to determine zonal or unit-wise prices or prices for diffe-rent kinds of sugar. The price to be detern1ined by the Central Government is to be tlie rate at which the amount payable to the producer of such of his stock as is required to be ~old is to be cal-culated. There is thus clear distinction between the amount payable to the producer whose stock is either wholiy or in part required to be sold under an order made under sub·sec. 2 ( f), and the price of sugar to be dett;rmined by the Government having regard to the minimum price of cane fixed by it, the manufactur-ing cost of sugar, tlie duty and tax paid or payable thereon and securing reasonabile return on the capital employed in the busi-ness of manufacturing sugar.

In order to appreciate the meaning of els. (a), (b), (c) and ( d), it must be remembeP.!d that ever since control ('Ill sugar was imposed Government had set up expert committees to work out cost-sch~ules and fair prices. Starting in the beginning with an All-India cost-schedule worked out on the basis of the total pro-duction of sugar, the factories were later groupd together into rones or regions and different cost-schedules for different zones or regions were constructed on the basis of which fair prices were worked out at which sugar was distributed and sold. The Tariff Colll!1lission in 1958 and the Sugar Enquiry Commission in 1965 had worked out the zonal cost-schedules on the basfa of averaged recovery and duration, the minimum and not the actual price of cane, the averaged coriversion costs and recommended reason-able return on the capital employed by the industry in the busi-ness of manufacturing sugar. This experience was before the legislature at the time when sub-sec. 3C was inserted in the Act. The legislature therefore incorporated the same formula in the new sub-section as the basis for working out the price. The pur-H ItOSe behind enacting the new sub-section was three-fold. to pro-\ide an incentive to increase production of sugar, encourage ex-pansion of the industry, to devise means by which the cane pro-ducer could get share in the profits of the industry through prices

for his cane hi,gher than the minimum price fixed and secure to the consumer distribu'tion of at-least reasonabb quantity of sugar at fair price. Whether these objectivr-s have, throilgh the work-ing of the new sub-section, been realised or not is different matter. But there can be no doub't that these were Lhe objectives for which the sub-section was passed. The i1w~nt\ve to secure increased prpduction and expansion of the industry was to leave certain portion of the stock free for sale in the open market, the assumption iie.i.ng that the industry would get bet<er price in such market than the price det·~rmined under the formula incor-porated in sub-section 3C. The fair price, therefore, has to be determined on the mini-mum price of cane fixed by Government, the manufacturing cost on the basis of zonal cost-schedules, the tax or duty applica!:ile in the zones and must be so structured as to leave in the ultimate result to the industry reasonable return on the .;;;pita! employed by it in the business of manufacturing sugar. It is dear from the reports of the Tariff Commission that reasonabie return recom-mended by that body at fixed amount of Rs. 10.50 per quintal which work•w out in 1966-67 at 12.5 % per annum was not in respect of levy sugar only but on the whole, so that even if such return was not obtainable on l~vy sugar but ·w·a; obtainable on the whole, it would meet the requirement of cl. (d). In this conclusion we derive two-fold support, firstly, from the language used in cl. ( d) itself, viz., reasonable return on the capital employed in the business of manufacturing su,;.ir, which must mean the business as whole and not the business of manufactur-ing levy sugar only, and secondly, from the fact of the Commis-sion having all along used the same phraseology while recommend-ing Rs. 10.50 p~r quintal as an addition by way of reasonable return on the capital employed in the industry. The cost-sche-dules prepared by these bodies were for determining fair price in relation to the entire sugar produced by the industry and the return which should be granted to it on tl!e capital employed in the industry and not with respect to· that stock only required to be sold under sub-sec. 2(f). This is clear from ihe heading of Ch. 9 of the '.fariff Commission's report, 1969, "Cost Structure and Price Fixation".

Counsel for the appellants and for the several interven.~rs, however, contended (1) that since sub-sec. 3C was enacted after the policy of partial control leaving part of the stock for free market was decided upon, the sub-section must b~ held to deal with levy sugar only, and (2) that the languag~ o1 the sub-section as also of its els. (a), (b) and (c) shows that it dealt with and was concerned with levy sugar only and that therefore cl. ( d)

interven.~rs,

must also be construed to be dealing with levy sugar. It was urged that besides 1he necessity ?f giving t~ ,cl. . ( d) the SaJ11;e meaning as one would have to give to els. (a J, \ b) and ( c). 1f cl. (d) were to be construed to mean return on the whole of the capital employed, there would ensue contrad1ctL•ry and even an anomalous result. For purposes of cl. ( ~.), one would have to take the floor price of cane fi.-;ed by q<>vemment, ~ut for cl. ( d), the actual price of cane paid by umt would have to be taken into account for purposes of arriving at figure which would leave reasonable return to the producer, part of \1hose stock is required to be sold. Counsel also urged that if cl. (d) wore construed to mean reasonable retiirn on the production of the entire stock and not levy sugar only, it would mean negativing the entire scheme of partial control which wa.\ intended to leave rea.,onable return on that part of the stock which was required thereu~r to· be sold irrespective lof the rocurn obtained by sale of the rest of his stock in free market. Therefore, it would be contrary to that concept if the profits made iu respect of free sugar were to be taken into account as cushion if the fair price () fixed for levy sugar was not equivalent to the actual cost of pro-duction and were to result in return les~ than the reasonable return on that part of the stock, or ev-en deficit. Such cons-truction would, they argued, permit the Government to fix price which would not ieave such return on the ;;round that sale of free sugar would bring in sufficient surplus to mal..e up the deficit, if any, on the levy sugar. Counsel further urgctl that such construction would also defeat the very object •.1f partial control, in that, if reasonable return was not assured tJ th·: manufacturer, ile was hardly likely to buy cane at price h:gner than the mini-mum fixed by Government. purpose for wi1ich the partial con-trol policy was evolved. To bring in the return on free sugar for purposes _of. deciding whether return guaranteed under cl. ( d) was obtamable or not from the price fixed hy Government would also re ushering factor wholly extraneous to the sub-section. It would not be, therefore, right to brin.~ into consideration free sugar which is not the subject-matter of sub-sec. 3C.

To accept these contentions would in our view mean dis-regarding .(1) the language of the sub-section, and (2) the en-tire background in which it was enacted and the mischief it was intended to rcn1edy. As explained earlier, the sub-section pro-vides two things: (a) the deternlination bv Government of fair price during the process of which regard shall be had to the fl .four matters set out therein, and (o) payment to the manufac-turer part of whose stock is levied, an amount "therefor" calculat-ed with reference to "such price" as the Central Government may determine. Though the payment would of course be for

the stock required to be sold to Government, there is nothing in the sub-section to suggest that the price to be determined is to be with respect of that part of the stock of particular manufacturer which is required to be sold to Government.

In deciding upon the policy of partial control and in having it incorporated in sul>-sec. 3, the Central Government was con-trontod with two main probllems (a) deterioration in the sugar · [8 ]industry. and ( b) the conflicting interests of the manufacturer, the consumer and the cane grower. The report of the Sugar Enquify Commission 1965 and that of the Tariff Commission of 1969 highlighted the difficulties that plagued the industry and the necessity of harmonising the triple conllioting interests. The cane acreage was dwindling, as the incentives for that plantation were not as attractive as those for cereals and other agricultural pro-ducts. Part of that production was diverted towards production of gur and khandsari, leaving no scope for greater production of sugar, the necessity for which was being accentuated as the con-sumers' demand was rapidly increasing. The floor price of cane fixed by Government was intended to protect the farmer from exploitation, but that was found not to be an incentive enough to induce him to increase his acreage. device had to be found under which price higher than the minimum could be paid by the manufacturer of sugar. The consumer, on the other hand, had also to be protected against the spiralling of sugar price !llld his needs, growing as they were, had to satisfied at some reasonable price. Both these and larger production of sugar would not be possible unless there was reasonable return which would en-sure expansion, which again would not be possible unless new machinery for such expansion was brought in and factories, parti-cularly in U.P. and Bihar, were modernised and renovated. fair price for sugar, therefore, had to be such as would harmoniie and satisfy at least to· reasonable extent these conflicting interests.

The concept of fair price was not unknown, for, it had been worked upon from as early time as 1937. That concept did not by any account mean the actual cost of production of every indi-vidual manufacturer. It had to be arrived at by the process of costing of representative cross-section of manufacturing units. The history of the industry shows that such process was being practised through various formulas, in the beginning by working out an All-India cost-schedule, and when that was found to be unrealistic by working out zonal cost-schedules beginning with four and by 1969 with 15 such zonal cost-schedules. fair price would not thus mean the actual cost and return of every individual unit, firstly, because it would be impracticable, and secondly, because it would be rewarding the inefficient and the uneconomic. An extreme example of such unit is to be found in the compilation prepared by Dr. Singhvi where the duration of

season of that unit was only seven days, and therefore, its cost came to over Rs. 600 per quintal. If such product were left to the mercy of total free market and the impact of free competi-tiveness in it, such unit would hardly survive. The object of the policy of partial control cannot, therefore, mean to reward such units.

The basis of fair price would have to be· built on reason-

ably efficient and economic representative cross-section on whoie workings cost-schedules ·would have been worked out and the price to be determined by Government under sub-sec. 3C would have to be built. claim that such prii;:e has to be determined unit-wise and reasonable return has to be ensured to each uuit or that such price with such return would be iii respect of that part of its stock required to be sold under sub-sec. 2(f) would appear to be inconsistent with the concept of partial control, the background in which it was evolved and the objects which it attempted to secure. Such policy meant determination of fair price on the basis of which producer would be paid for part of his stock required to be sold to Government. Such price would have to be determined having regard to the four factors set out in the sub-section. Though factors (a) and (c) would be static, factor ( b) would largely depend on variables, such as duration and recovery, the prices of fuel, labour etc. differing from zone to zone and sometimes within the zone, necessitating averaging and costing by selecting representative cross-section of units for that purpose and arriving at cost-schedule which would do justice to the weak and the strong alike. If this be the true meaning of cl:-C'b), it must mean securing reasonable return to the industry and not 'to each unit, irrespective of whether it is economic or reason-ably efficient or not, or only in respect of its stock required to be cc;mpulsorily sold to Government. unit-wise fixation of price as suggested by counsel, and payment on the basis of price so worked out would mean perpetuating inefficiency and mismanage-ment, and depriving the partial control policy of the incentives for economy and efficiency inherent in it. We are, therefore satisfied both on the language of the sub-section, the background' in which it was e~acted a!1d the mischief the legislature sought to remedy through its workmg that the true construction is that fair price has !O be determined in respect of the entire produce, ensuring to the. mdustry reasona~le return on the capital employed in the busmess of manufactunng sugar. But this does not mean that Government can fix any arbitrary price, or price fixed on ex-traneous considerations or such that it does not secure reasonable return on the capital employed in the industry. Such fixation would at once evoke challenge; both on the ground of its being in~onsistent with the guidelines built iu the sub-section and its being in contravention of Arts. 19(1)(f) and (g), and 31. .

The constitutionality of the sub-section not being under chal-ler.ge in these appeals, the only question left for consideration is whether the price fixed under the impugned order, i.e., Rs. 124.63, is in consonance with s. 3 ( 3C)?

The ex-works price worked out in the Tariff Commission Re-port, 1969 for Haryana zone for thP. next three years, i.e., 1969-70 to 1971-72, based on the average recovery and average duration of the past five years (1963-64 to 1967-~8), i.e., 8.70% and 125 days, was Rs. 128.69 per quintal. That figure was made up of the following :

1. Wages and salaries Rs. 11. 70: (2) stores, fuel and

power Rs. 8 .49: ( 3) repairs and maintenance

Rs. 2.63: (4) packing charges Rs. 2.57: (5)

overheads Rs. 0. 75: ( 6) cane centre and cane

development Rs. 1.36: (7) depreciation (Income Tax Act rates) Rs. 3.60: ( 8) transport of cane Rs. 1.53: (9) less-credits Rs. 0.75: (10) grade differential Rs. 1.07: ( 11 ) return and rehabilita-tion Rs. 12.50: (12) selling expenses Rs. 0.15:

(13) bonus Rs. 0.60-Total conversion charges Rs.'38.96: (14) cane and related costs !ls. 89.73: 05) ex-works price Rs. 128.69.

T!1c figure of Rs. 89. 73 arrived at on the basis of driage being Rs. 9.86 and average recovery of 8.70% was worked out as follows :

( I ) Minimum price of cane fixed by Government Rs. 7.37: (2) Co-operative society's cO!lllilission

Rs. 0.13 and ( 3) Cess/purchase tax Rs. 0.24, Total Rs. 7.74=Rs. 89.73 per quintal sugar,

( vide Table 9.6 and Appendices 35 and 36 at pages 89 and 212-214; Repof't 1969).

The ex-works price of Rs. 128.69 included Rs. 2 per quintal for rehabilitation. That amount was not included by Government when it fixed the price of Rs. 124.63 on January 8, 1971 as the Government; while accepting the cost-schedules and other recom-mendations of the Tariff Commission, had deferred its decision on rehabilitation pending consultation with the concerned interests. ( Vide Government Resolution, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, dated February 20, 1970). Deducting Rs. 2 from the ex-works prict worked out by the Commission, the Commission's ex-works price would be Rs. 126.69 on the basis of 8.70% and 125 days as average recovery and duration.

It would appear that barring_ the statement in the impugned order that Government had fixed the price at Rs. 124.63, the Government had not disclosed even in its return how it had work-ed out that price. At the instance of the appellants, the· High

Court. therefore, by its order dated September 14, 1971 called upon the Government to show the basis on whi~~ it had fix~ the price. The Government thereupon filed an add1t10nal affidavit of the Deputy Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture dated Septem-her 14, 1971 according to which on the available data ~fore lt th·: price would come to Rs. 126.93. This figure took note of tb~ 1ncr~:ise in the purchase tax by Haryana Government from 2.:1 \o 50 paise per quintal of cane. That was how the Govern-ment mentioned Rs. 8.003 us the price of cane per quintal instead of R.~. 7.37 which was the floor price fixed by Government for the ye~r. Government also added Re. 1.05 being the estimated impact of increase in wages recommended by the Second Central Wage Board, the added depreciation allowed through changes in the Income Tax Act and increased cost in packing materials, tile total of all the three having been worked out at Rs. 2.81 per •1uintal of sugar. According to this affidavit, when Government was considering the fixation of price for 1970-71, it had before it the actuals as to recovery and duration for 1969-70 as also the estimates supplied by the factories for 1970-71. From these, the ll Government came to tho conclusion that there would not be any material difference in recovery and duration between the two year,; and that was why it decided to continue the ex-factory price for 1969-70 for the year 1970-71 also. The incidence of purchase tax for 1970-71 was placed at Rs. 2.06, higher than during the preceding year, because for 1969-70 it was from April 1, 1969, while in 1970-71 it was for the whole year. The estimates for recovery and duration for 1970-71 were on the actual recovery and duration for the preceding year which came to 8.76% and 187 days, as against the estimates given for that year by the factories, viz., 9.04% and 157 days. These were accepted for 1970-71 as the only actuals available to the Government on January 8, 197 ! were in respect of the month of November 1970, which obviously were too meagre for acceptance for the whole year.An~exures II and III to this affidavit show that as against the !cry pnce of Rs. 124.63 fixed by Government, fr~e sugar was sold durmg 1969-70 at prices ranging from Rs. 126.21 to Rs. 138.01, exclusive of excise duty, and from October 1970 to May 25, 1971 when sugar was totally decontrolled at rates ranging from Rs. '.32.30 to Rs. 151.38. It is undisputed that d;uing the period of six weeks when the stay order granted by the High Court operated the appellants sold sugar at about Rs. 150.

. These figures were not accepted by the appellants for accord-H ing to then:i, they S?ld free sugar during January 197 i to 'May 24, 1.971 at pnces rangmg from Rs. 135.19 to Rs. 160.47, the average 1.1te bemg Rs. 139.70 less Rs. 1.07 differential-Rs 138 63 As ai-amst the levy price worked out by Government at. Rs. i16.93·.

the appellants' case was that on the actuals worked out for the year 1970-71, the price would be Rs. 129.42, thus causing lo them loss of Rs. 5.20 per quintal on levy sugar. The difference between the price calculated by the appellants and that calculated by the Government (Rs. 126.93) arises because of certain dis-parities in their respective figures, as also the percentage in re-covery 3:11.d duration. !o the fii:ore <Jf Rs. 129.42, the appellant~ ad_d additional cost of mterest, mcrease in freightage by road and rail during the year, deterioration in quality, thus bringing the cost to Rs. 138.93. The loss on this calculation, according to them, would come to Rs. 3 lacs and odd on levy sugar which totalled 65,741 quintals. ·

On Government's calculutions based on the returns filed by the appellants, the Haryana factories realised Rs. 126.50 per r;uin-tal on levy sugar taking into account the different grades produced , by them and Rs. 139. 70 per quintal on free sugar upto May 25, 1971 when sugar was decontrolled. If levy sugar alone were to be taken into consideration, the Joan per quintal of ;evy sugar would be the difference between Rs. 124.63 and Rs. 129.42, i.e., Rs. 6.20, and nearly double if the additional costs claimed by the appellant6 were to be admissible, which would raise their cost of production to Rs. 133.98. This calculation is of course on the b11Sis that the return of Rs. 10.50 per quintal was altogether met, in the sense that it was not expected to absorb items such i.11 in-terest and the profits on free sugar were not to be taken into con-sideration for ascertaining whether reasonable return on the capital employed was actually obtained or not by the industry.

The High Court, no doubt, did not hold the price of Rs. 124.63 as realistic and in view of the changes which had taken place during the year added in all Rs. 3.22, that is, Rs. 1.16 increase in wages, Rs. 56 additional depreciation and Rs. 1.20 as additional packing charges, totalling Rs. 2.92 and presumably Rs. 0.30 for increase in purchase tax. Adding Rs. 3.28 to the Government price, the High Court worked out the fair price at Rs. 127 .85 instead of Rs. 124.63. We need not examine the correctness or otherwise of this addition as the Solicitor General told us that he did not challenge the correctness of this addition. Ori the basis of Rs. 127.85 being the correct price, the appellants would lose Rs. 3.22 per quintal on levy sugar, if the price realised on levy sugar alone were to be taken into consideration. The Solicitor General also conceded that purchase tax on cane in Haryana was increased during the year 1970-71 from 24 paise to 50 paise per quintal with effect from April 1, 1970 and that increase according to para 11 of the return, dated May 1971 was not taken into account as the Government was of the opinion that the price of 1969-70, which was adopted for 1970-71, contained sufficient cushion to

absorb the impact of this increase. This opinion was based on the fact that the working results for the year 1969-70 turned out to be actually very much better than estimated.

Counsel for the appellants, however, expressed his dissatisfac-tion with the increase by the High Court of Rs. 3 .22 only on the ground that the High Court did not take cognizance of trute items, viz., increase in purchase tax, increase in the rate of interest and increase in road and rail freightage. As already stated, the increase so in purchase tax appears to be included in Rs. 3.22, granted by the High Court for otherwise the three increases stated in the judgment, viz., increase in wages, increase in depreciation and increase in packing charges, would make the total of Rs. 2.22 onJy.

The largest addition in the price claimed by the appellants

was Rs. 2.29 per quintal by way of additional interest. The basis for the claim was that owing to the. production of sugar in 1969-70 being the all time highest, there were larger stocks lying un-released with the factories both in the case of levy as well as free sugar, with the result that the factories had to bear additional in-terest on the working capital involved in such unreleased stocks. The usual period of six months for the release of stock on the basis of which the return on capital at the static figure of Rs. I 0.50 quintal had actually become unrealistic. The result, therefore, was that the factories could not expect to get the said return on the capital employed.

Since the question was an important one we called upon the Government to disclose the correspondence, if any, which it had in this connection with the Tariff Commission. Thereupon the Government produced the relevant correspondence. It appears from that correspondence that on March 26, 1970 the Indian Sugar Mills Association had made representation for addition in the ~et~rn of Rs. 10.50 on the ground that the 1969-70 year's producl!on had come to 42 lac tonnes, an all time record and in a~dition thereto t~ere _was already at hand large stock lying un-disposed of ~esultmg m the component of working capital being very wh1!e IT!u~h t.xmg Rs. higher than that calculated by· the Tariff Commission 10.~0 as the return. On June 5, 1970; the Gov-ernment referred this representation to the Commission. ljy its letter.dated July 29, 1970, the Commission recommended that the quest10n ?f accumulation of stocks as represented by the associa-~1011_ reqm~ed sympathetic consideration and suggested ail in¢'tease m lieu of interest at 9% on the additional working capital repre-H sented by the accumulated stock.

. . I? considering this claim however two facts need t~ be borne m mind. The production in 1970-71 was not as h_igh as that in

1969-70 and in fact .had considerably declined. So far as the Ha: yana factories were concern\:(!, :none of them had purchased cane at price higher than the minimum fixed by Government, although the assumption behind the policy of partial control leaving 40% of the stock for free market and the unconventional method of granting fixed return of Rs. 10.50 was that these two factors would enable the manufacturer to pay higher cane price. The figures supplied to us by Government called out from the returns filed by the factories would also suggest that the claim for Rs. 2.29 per quintal was not warranted. The total production by the Haryana factories during 1970-71 was of the tune of 82,756 tonnes. Despatches upto May 24, 1971, wheri sugar ~1as de-controlled, of free sugar were 7,065 tonnes at Rs. 139.70 per quintal. Despatches of levy sugar, upto the date of the interim order of stay dated April 8, 1971 were 2,380 tonnes and from April 8, 1971 to May 24, 1971, 4,194 tonnes at Rs. 158.02 per quintal. The balance of stock lying with the factories as on June 1, 1971 was 6911. 7 tonnes. Despatches during the decontrol period, i.e., from June 1, 1971 to December 31, 1971were63,023 tonnes at the rate of Rs. 151.39 per quintal, leaving balance in hand of 6094 tonnes. It may be mentioned that on June 30. 1972 the stock lying on hand came to 427 tonnes only. Since this was the position, the claim for additional interest at Rs. 2.29 per quintal does not appear to be sustainable, nor also the claim for deterioration of stock owing to the stock lying stored up beyond the normal period, the loss by way of deterioration during such period being the normal incidence of the trade which the manu-facturer must anticipate.

Regarding the claim of 63 paise owing to increase in freightage (i.e., of 54 paise by road and 9 paise by rail), the Tariff Com-mission refused to concede that claim. Even before us there' are no adequate materials to come to any precise conclusion as to the extra burden which the appellants had actually to bear, though increase in freightage during the year is admitted.

Have the Haryana factories then not received in fact during 1970-71 the reasonable return as envisaged by sub-s. 3C?

The actual figures of the year for duration and recovery were not in dispute. They were 162 days and 8.69% respectively. On that basis, the cost, according to the cost-schedule worked out for Haryana by the Commission, would come to Rs. 126.61, including Rs. 10.50. To that amount may be added the following, even assuming that they are all allowable : ( 1) increase in wages. Rs. 1.05, (2) increase in depreciation, 56 paise, (3) deterioration in quality, 19 paise, ( 4) insurance and godo~ costs, 7 yaise, ( ~ l increase in cost of consumable stores, 19 paise, ( 6) mcrease m

cost of gunny bags, Re. 1.20, ( 7) increase in freightage by road and rail, 63 paise, ( 8) interest on longer· storage, Rs. 2.84 a.'ld (9) selling expooses, 45 paise (tatal Rs. 7.18=Rs. 133.79). But for the reasons given above, items 3, 7 and 8 (total Rs. 3.66) must go and therefore the figure would come to Rs. 130.13. As against this, the realisations for levy_ and free sugar upto the date of decontrol, i.e., May 24, 1971 were as follows : 63,741 quinta!s at the average rate of Rs. 124.63 and 70,650 quintals at the average rate of Rs. 136.49. The average price thus realised comes to Rs. 130.77. There is no doubt that if the sales after May 24, 1971 which were all in free market were to be taken into account, the average realised would come to much more than Rs. 130.77. There is, therefore, no doubt that taking the picture as whole the Haryana factories got in any event reasonable return on the capital employed.On the construction of sub-section 3C adopted by us and such of the materials produced before us, we are of the opinion that no case for quashing the impugned order has been made out, nor has the price fixed by Government been shown to be inconsistent whh the sub-section. ·

In the result the appeals fail and are dismissed. In view of the somewhat complicated questions as to _the meaning and inter-pretation of sec. 3 ( 3C) of the Act, we direct that the parties will bear their own costs althroughoµt. Liberty to the parties to file applications for directions in respect of the Bank Guarantees fur-nished by them in pursuance of stay orders passed by this Court.

Appeals dismissed.