NARAYANAN SANKARAN MOOSS versus THE STATE OF KERALA AND ANOTHER

NARAYANAN SANKARAN MOOSS

TIIE STAIB OF KERALA AND ANOTIIER

'October 12, 1973

(P. ]AGANMOHAN REDDY, S. N. DWIVEDI AND P. K. GOSWAMI, ]].] Indian Electricity Act (9 o/ 1910) s. 4(1) and (3)-Consulrarion with State Electricity Board before revocation of licenie of licensee-If mandatory.

Section 4(1). Indian Electricty Act, 1910, as amended in 1958, provides that thC State Government may, if in its opinion the public interest so requires, and after consulting the State Electricity Board, revoke licence ia. cenain casca.. Sub-section (3) provides that no licence shall be revoked under sub-8. (i) an--less the State Government has given to the licensee not less than three moaths notice in writing stating the grounds on which it is · proposed to rev.ob the licence, :ind, has considered the cause shown by the licensee.

On June 21. 1962. the respondent-Government wrote to the State Electricity Board that the respondent considered that tho licence of the ap;:iellant should be revoked under s. 4(l)(a) and requested the Board to commumcate its views. On July 26, the Board recommended the revocation. On August 17, the respon-dent issued notice to the licensee, of which the appellant was proprietor under s. 4(3). to show cause why the licence should not be revoked. On November s. 1962, within three months, the appellant sent his explanation. On April , 6, 1963. the respondent Mote to the Board that they had considered the explana-tion of tho licensee. that since the explanation was not satisfactory the respon· dent had decided to revoke the licence. and inquired if the Board was willing to purchase the undertaking. On 20th April, 1963, the Board expressed its will-ingness to purchase the undertaking with effect from August 1, 1963. On May 17. 1963. the respondent revoked the licence with effect from August 1, 1963, and directed the appellant to deliver the undertaking to the Board. ThO appellant's writ petition to the Jli8-h Court challenging the orders was dismisSed.

Allowing the appeal to this Court,

HEID : ( 1) Section 4 conte·mplates that the Board should make its recom-mendation only after considering· the explanation of the licensee. When the covemment consults the Board on the question of revocation of licenc:ee the Boa.rd is to make up its mind as to whether it should recommend, (i) to revoke the licence, or (ii) riot to revoke the licence, or (ill) to permit the licence to . remain in force subjer;t to such further terms and condition, as may be though proper. The Board would not be able to make choice out of these three courses without considering the explanation of the licensee, because, the expla· nation mav make out case for not revokini:i; licence. [n the present case, the Board was consulted much before the receipt of the appellant's explanation. The entire chain of correspondence between the Government and the Board shows that there was no second consultation between the Government and the Board ' · regarding the revocation of the licence after the Government had received the appellant's explanation to the show cause notice. Any telephonic consultation is out of question, because. such telephonic consultation could not be held With the three members of the Board at one and the same time, nor could the mem• . bers bestow collective consideration -on the matter before giving the Board's opinion thereon. (640-E; 65F; 68F-H; 69A.C] ·• . .

(2) There is nO force in the contention that the consultation With the Board is only as regards 'public interest. [69C]

• (3)-The words_ .. aft.er consulting the Board .. show .that the construction-. suggested by the respondent that the Board was to be consulted only at the stage -, when tl[1].e Government takes_ provisional decision is not correct. [690) _

( 4) Having .regard_ ~ the object and context the colldition of Consulti~g the . Board airer the licensee's e~planation was received-is mandatory and the breach of this condition wiII makes the order of revocation Yoid. [701:) ' 60

(a) The power of revoking licence is drastic power as it results in the. severe abridgment of the right to carry on business. Having in mind~ die -requirements of Art. 19( 1) (g) of the Constitution, Parliament has prescribed certain conditions to prevent the abuse of power and to ensure just ex:ercise of the power .. [ 69G]

(b) When revoking licence the State-Government acts in two stages. It forn1s tentative opinion regarding revocation of licence and calls for explana-tion from the licensee. When the explanation is received, Government consi-'ders it and thereafter, if not satisfied, passe's the final order of revocation. But first impressions and provisional judgments have tendency to become ultimate ideas and final judgments. Therefore, Parliament interposed the condition of consultation with the Board before government takes its final decision. The Board is an independent body consisting of three members one of whom is technical expert, the otber financial expert and the third an administrative expert While considering the facts presented to it by the Government and by the licensee in his explanation, the Board will act with an open mind and will offer unbiased counsel to the Government. [706-El

(c) The clause "if in its opinion the public interest so requires" and els. (a) to (d) of s. 4 prescribe some of the conditions precedent for the exercise of the power of revocation and an order of revocation in breach of any of these condi-tions will be void. The phrase "after consulting the State Electricity Board" occurs between the clause 'if in its opinion the public interest so requires' and els. (a) to (d). The context shows that the consultation with the Board is also condition precedent for making the order of revocation and breach of this conditidn precedent would entail the same consequences as the breach of other conditions. (69G-70B]

(d) It is tru'e that the opinion of the Board is not binding on the govern-ment, for, in spite of the Board advising against revocation, the government, if satisfied that it is necessary to revoke the licence, may revoke the licence. But this should not be regarded as an overweighing consideration, because, it will normally be difficult for the government to ignore the Board's ·expert advice. [710-E] State of U.P. v. Ma11botllu11n Lal Sri1·asta1·a, [1958] S.C.R. 533, H. N. Rish~ bud v. State of Def/ii, 19551 1 S.C.R. 1150. Rani Gopal Chaturvedi v. State of Madhya-Pradesh, The State of Bombay v. D. A. Korgaonkar, [1970) 1 S.C.R 472, Rollo v. Minister of Toll'JI a11d Country Pla1111in~, Civil Appeal No. 289 of 1958 decided on 6-5-1960, Derlian1 v. C/iurcll Commissioriers for England, [1954] Appeal Cause 245 referred to.

(5) It is true that the ap_Pellant did not urge the {JOint1 regarding consulta-tion with the Board, in the High Court But no prejudice would be cause to the respondents i~ the point was.permitted to raised in this Court. [63A; 650)

(a) The counter affidavits of the Government and the Board show that the Government as well as the Board understood the petition as raising the challenge to the orders on the ground of want of due consultation with the Board before making the impugned orders and they have replied to the implicit challenge in the petition f63F·G]

(b) The facts requisite ·for deciding the issue are on record and· the appel-G lant had raised the point as ground in the statement of the case, and the res~ pondents are not taken by surprise. [63G-H; 64AJ

State of U.P. v. Manbodh'am Lal Srivastava, [1958] S.C.R. 533, Hamdard Dwaklklna (wakf) 1 Delhi and another 'i- Union of India and others. [196S] 2 S.C.R. !92, Kargagathachi and others v, Nagarathlnathachi, [1965] 3 S.C.R. 335, State of Mysore v. Guduthuk Thimmappa and son and another, [1967] 1 S.CR. 627, and Motibhai Pulabhai Patel & Co. v. M /s. R. Prasad and others, [1969] I S.C.R. 580, distinguished.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION :Civil Appeal No. 1279 of 1967. Appeal from the judgment and order .dated the 1st February 1965 of the Kerala High Court in O.P. No. 1138 of 1963.

B. Sen, S.S. Ananthakrishna Iyer. K. B. Rathee, N. M. Ghatate an4 ·s. Balakrishnan, for the appellant.

V. A. Seiyid Mahmud and A. G. Pudissery, for respondent No. 1

A. R. Somanatha Iyer and M. R. K. Pillai, for respondent No. 2

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

DwIVEDI J. The Kattayam Electric Supply Agency, Kottayam, is the licensee for the supply of electric energy in Kottayam in the State of Kerala. The appellant, N. S. Mooss, is the proprietor of the licensee, By an order, dated May 17 1963, the State of Kerala revoked the .. , licence with effect from August 1, 1963. The order was made undef s. 5(1) (a) of the Indian Electricity Act, 1910 (hereinafter called the Act. On the same date, the State of Kerala made another order under s. 5(1)(c) and (3) of the Act directing the appellant to deliver the undertaking to the Kerala Electricity Board (hereinafter called the Board) on or bei<lre July 1, 1963. The appellant filed writ petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution challenging the two or&n. The High Court has dismissed the petition. Hence this •appeal. ·

Sri Sen, counsel for the appellant, has urged four points before us. One of these points is : The Board endorsed the State proposal for the revocation of the licence before the explanation of the appellant reached the State. The explanation was not placed before the Board and aclcordingly not considered by the Board, So there was no due consultation of the Board and the order of revocation is void. As we are accepting this point, it is not necessary to notice his remaining points. We shall state only such facts as are neeessary for the decision of· the aforesaid point.

On August 17, 1962, the State Government issued notice to the appellant under s. 4 (3) uf the Act asking him to show cause why the licence should not be revoked. He was asked to send his explanation within three months and three days from the date of the receipt of the notice. Much bdore the issue of this notice. On June 21, 1962, the State Government sent the letter No. 11795-EL l/6n17 /P.W. to the Board. The letter states that the Government considered that· the licence of the appellant should be revoked under s. 4 (I) (a) and requested the Board to, communicate its views to the Government. On July 26, 1962 the Board sent its reply to the Government. The reply letter is No. B.Vl/5705/62. The Board recommended the revocation of the licence. On Noveinber 5, 1962, within three months of the issue of the notice under s. 4 ( 3}, the appellant sent his explanation to the Government. The Government was not satisfied with the expla-nation. It passed the impugned order on May 17, 1963 revokini the licence. These facts support Sri Sen's contention that the Board's recommendation was made without looking into the aopellant's explanation. Indeed. it was humanly impossible for the Board to have looked into the explanation.

Counsel for the State Government and the Board have raised preliminary obiec'tion. They point out that the argument advanced by Sri Sen was neither raised in the writ petition nor urged before the

High Court. According to them, It should 1<ot be all.owed to be raised in this Court. It is true that the {'Oint is not specifically raised in the writ petition. But, in our view, it IS embedded in paragraphs 6 and 22 of tbe affidavit accompanying the petition. Paragraph 6 asserts that the aforesaid two orders are "illigal and void aud of no effect." Paragraph 22 states that "the entire proceedings culminating in the issue of (the two orders) constitute gross violation of the •••• provisions of the Act." Paragraph 22 clearly asserts that !he impugned orders have been made in breach of the statutory conditions for revoking licence. Earlier we hav" said that Sri Sen's contention is embedded in para· graphs 6 and 22 .. We are reassured of our construction of these para-graphs by the fact that the Government as well as the Board have also construed the petition in the sarn~ sense and have controverted it in their affidavits. Paragraph 3 of the affidavit filed. on behalf of the Government states: "lThe appellant's) objections were considered and the Government formed an opinion that it was in public interest to rev9ke the licence IUld after consulting the Electricity Board revoked the licence as the Government were· satisfied that in their opinion the petitioners bad made wilful and unreasonably prolonged default in <19ing several things required of him by or under the Indian Electricity Act." In reply to paragraph 22 of the petition, the Govern· ment's ~avit ~!ates that "otders were passed in accordance with the provisiO!\S of all the relevant Acts and the Rules ·and after considering . the objections raised by the licensee." Paragraph 5 of the Board's affidavit is more outspoken and elaborate. It states : "Th: State Government consulted the Board in the matter of revoking the licence of the Kottayarn Electric S11pply Agency by invoking s. 4 ( ll (a) of the Indian Electricity Act, 1910 and the Board vide letter No. BVI/ 5705/62, dated 26-7·1962 endorsed. the views of the Government on · the matter (and) reC'Ommended the revocation of the licence." Para·· graph 18 of the Board's affidavit is a. reply to paragraph 22 of. the· appellant's affidavit's. Paragraph 18 asserts that the impugned orders "were passed in accotdaIK:e with Law and the Rules there·· under." It is thus unmistakably plain that the Government ns. well as the Board understood the petition as raising challenge to the orders on the ground of want of due consultation of the Board before the making of the impugned orders. And they have replied fo that implicit challenge in. the petition. It appears to us that there is little force in the preliminary objection that Sri Sen's contention is not raised in the petition.

It is true that this point was not urged on behalf of the appellant in the Hi2b Court. But as the facts requisite for deciding the issue are on record, we think that we should allow the point to be raised as it goes to the root of the matter. It may be noted that the appellant has raised this ooint in ground No. 6 of his statement of case. That ground is : "The Government without any further tho•1g'1 and relying solely on this report proceeded to revoke the licence and sought the view of the Electricitv Board on the matter. The Board with the MaM2ing Qirector of the Company as one of its members readily accepted the report and agreed· with the suggestion of the Government for revoca· tion of the licence. It Is after having made up its ·mind to revoke the

licence, as seen from Ex. R-2, that the Government issued notice to the appellant to show cause against revocation." It cannot be said that the respondents have been taken by surprise. They already know that the point would be agitated in the Coun.

Counsel for the Government says that if the point had been clearly taken in the petition and raise? in the High Court, the Government could have led evidenqb to show that the Board was consulted secbnd time after receipt of the appellant's explanation and that the Board, after considering thf. explanation, had again agreed with the Government's proposal. He has advanced an extreme argument that even telephonic consultation could have been held between the Gov-ernment and the Board after the receipt of the explanation.

Telephonic consultation is out of question. The Board is consti-tuted under the Indian Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948. It is corpo-rate body. It consists of at least three members. One of them has experience of commercial matters and administration; the other is an Electrical Engineer with wide experience; and ,the third has experience of accounting and financial matter in Public utility undertaking, preferably an eletricity supply undertaking. Section 13 ,of the said Act provides that all orders and decisions of the Board shall be authenti-cated by the signature of the Chairman. It is obvious that telephonic consultation could not be held with three members of the Board at one and the same time, nor could the members bestow collective consideration on the matter before giving the Board's opinion thereon. We have little doubt in our mind that there was no second consulta-tion between the Government and the Board after the receipt of the explanatioo. Had there been second consultation, the Board would surely have disclosed it in its counter-affidavit. The evidence already on record excludes the, possibility of second consultation after the receipt of the explanation. We have earlier quoted the number and date of the Government letter by which the Government asked for the Board's opinion on the issue of revoking the licence. The number and date of the Board's letter recommending revocation of the licence has also been mentioned earlier. On receiving the Board's letter, the Government sent another letter to the Board. It is dated April 6, 1963. The number of the letter is 11795-WLY/61-20/PW. The sub· ject of the letter is : "Electricity-Kottayam Electric Supply Agency-acquisition of." The letter makes reference to two earlier letters: "(J) Government letter No. 11765-ELl/1/17/PW; ·(2) your reply No. BVI/5705/62 dated 26-7·1962.

It may be seen that the Government letter referred to above is the letter by which the Gqvernment asked for the opinion of the Board on the question of revocation of the licence. The seoond letter is the reply of the Board recommending revocation of the licence. We have already referred to these letters. The Government letter of April 6, 1963 states that the Government "have considered the explanation furnished by the Kottayam Electric Supply Agency.. . . . to the show cause notice served on him (No. 11795/ELl/61/19/PW dated 17-8-1962) under s. 4(3) of the Indian Electricity Act, 1910. Since the

explanation is not s·atisfactory, the Government in public' interest liave decided to revoke the licence granted to the said Agency." It adds : "I am therefore directed to enquire as required under section 5 (b) of the said Act whether the Kerala State Electricity Board is willing to purchase the undertaking. If so, the willingness of the Board may be communicated to the Government at tlie earliest.

The Board replied to this letter. The reply is dated April 20, 1963. The letter's number is LAW l 5705-62/20-4-63. The Jetter informs the Government that the Board was willing to purchase the undertaking with effiect from August l, 1963. On May 17, l963 the Government revoked the licence with effect from August 1, 1963. The same day another order was passed by the Government. Th_e number of the Order is 11795-EE 1/61-31/PW. The material portion of the order is :

"Whereas the Government have, under S. 5, sub-section (1) Clause (b) of the Act enquired from the Kerala State Electricity Board whether the Board is willing to purchase the undertaking owned by the Kottayam •. Electric Supply agency ; . , ;.

And whereas, the Kerala State Electr\~iy Bqard has in its letter No .. Law-I-5705/62 dated'2~· intimated the Government that it is willing to purchase ·the said Under· taking~ ·,;.,,,,,

Now, therefore, in exercise of the ~s conferred by Section 5, sub-section ( 1) Clause ( c) ;uict;~tion 5 Sub-section (3) (of the Act) the Governnienf'!6t Kerala .here-by give notice to the Kottayam Electric Supply Aaency to sell and deliver possc;ssion of the said Undcrtaking·;to the Kerala State Electricity Board on or before the first day of July, 1963."

/:,\:' ;

; This entire chain of correspondence between the Government and the Board would unmistakably show that die~ was no second con-sultation between the Government and the Board regarding the revo-cation of the licence after the Government had received !Jie appellant's explanation to the show cause notice served on him. II) the circ'um-stances of the case we are satisfied. that no prejudiee wilf be caused to the respondents if the point is permitted to be raised in this Court. So we permit Sri Se_n to argue the point

In State of U.P. v. Manbodhan Lal Srivastava,('), Hamdard Dwakhana (Wakf), Delhi and another v. Union of India and others,(') Karpagathachi and others v. Nagarathinathachi(') and State of Mysore v. Guduthur Thimmappa and son and another(') this Court di~ not permit new issue of fact to be urged by the appellant. In Motz· bhai Pulabhai Patel & Co. v. Mis R. Prasad and others(') the case ~

was remanded to the High Court and the appellant was allowed to urge before the High Court his new contention. The. facts of all these oases are different from the facts of the present case. The Govern-ment cannot derive any assistance from them.

It is necessary to consider whether the Act obligates the Board to consider the explanation of the licensee before recommending any action against him. Section 4, as it stood originally read:

"(1) The State Government may, if in its opinion the public interest so requires, revoke licence in any of the following cases, namely:

(a) where the licensee in the opinion of the State Gov-ernment makes wilful and unreasonably prolonged default in doing anything required of him by or under this Act;

(b) where the licensee breaks any of the terms or condi-tions of his licence the breach of which is expressly declared by such licence to render it liable to revoca-tion;

( c) where the licensee fails, within the period fixed in this behalf by I.is licence or any longer period which the State Government may substitute therefor by order under sub-s. (3), cl. (b) and before exercising any of the powers conferred on him thereby in relation to the execution of works:

(i) to show, to the satisfaction of the State· Govern-ment, that be is in position fully and efficiently to discharge the duties anti obligations imposed on him by his licence, or (ii) to make the deposit or furnish the security re-quired by his licence;

(d) where the licensee is, in the opinion of the State Government unable, by reason of his insolvency fully and eflicient1y to discharge the duties and obligations imposed on him by his licence.

(2) Where the State Government might, under sub-s. (1) revoke licence, it may, instead of revoking the licence, per-mit it to remain in force subject to such further terms and conditions as it thinks fit to impose and any further terms or conditions so imposed shall be binding upon, and observed by, the licensee, and shall be of like . force and effect as if they were contained in the licence."

The original section 4 was considered by the Privy Council in Hubli Electricity Company v. The. Province of Bombay.(') The Privy Council held that in s. 4( 1) (a) the opinion of the Government

(1) A.I.R. 1949 P.C. 136.

was not subject to any objective tests. The Privy Council ,said : "The language leaves no room for the relevance of judicial examination as to the sufficiency of the grounds on which the Oovernment acted in forming an opinion." However, it was held that the opinion should relate to. "anything required under the Act." The Privy Council said : "If it relates to something which was not required under the Act, the revocation of the licence would be invalid."

Then there came our Constitution with its Art. 19(1)(g) confer· ring on the citizens the right to carry on business subject to reasonable restrictions in public interest. This Court in Dr. N. B. Khare v. The State of Delhi(') held that if an Act, which imposes restrictions on the rights specified in Art. 19, does not provide for reasonable hear· ing to the party affected, the restriction could not be. said to be reason· able in certain circumstances. It seems that Parliament realised, though late, in 1958, thats. 4 may not stand the test of Art. 19(1) (g). Ac-cordingly it. made radical amendments in s. 4. The amended section 4 reads :

"(1) The State Government may, if in its opinion the public interest so requires, and after consulting the State Electricity Board, revoke, licence in any of the following cases, namely :-

(a) where the licensee, in the opinion of the State Gov· · ernment, makes wilful and unreasonably prolonged default in doing anything required of him by or under this Act;

(b) where ·the licensee breaks any of the terms or condi· tions of his licence the breach of which is expressly declared by such licence to render it liable to revo-cation; (c) where the licensee fails, within the period fixed in this behalf by his licence or any longer period which the State Government -'inay substitute therefor by order under section 4A, sub-section ( 1) and before exercis-ing any of the powers conferred on him thereby in relation to the execution of works-

(i) to show to the satisfaction of the State Govern-ment, that he is in position fully and efficiently to discharge the duties and obligations imposed on him by his licence, or

(ii) to make the. deposit or furnish the security re· quired by his licence;

( d) where in the opinion of the State Gqvernment the financial position of the licensee in such that he is un- . able fully and efficiently to discharge the duties and obligations imposed on him by his licence: -----(7} [1950] S.C.R.. 519.

(e) where licensee, in the opinion of the State Govern· ment, has made default in complying with any direc-tion issued under section 22A.

(2) Where in its opinion the public interest so permits, the State Government may, on the application or with the consent of the licensee, and after consulting the State Elec-tricity Board, and the Central Government where that Gov· ernment is interested, and if the licensee is not local uutho· rity, after consulting also the local authority, if any, concern· ed, revoke licence as to the whole or any part of the area of supply upon such terms and conditions as it thinks fit.

(3) No licence shall be revoked under sub-section (1) unless the State Government has given to the licensee. not ·Jess than three months' notice in writing, stating the grounds on which it is proposed to revoke the licence and has con· sidered any cause shown by the licensee within the period of that notice, against the proposed revocation.

( 4) Where the State Government might under sub-section (I) revoke licence it may instead of revoking the license permit it to remain in force subject to such further terms and conditions as it thinks fit to impose and any further terms or conditions so imposed shall be binding upon, and be observed by the licensee, and shall be of like force and effect as if they were contained in the licence."

The amending Act adds sub-sections (2) and (3) and converts the former sub-section (2) into sub-section (4). It adds clause (e) to sub-section ( 1). It also adds 'and after consulting the State Elec-trictiy Board' in the opening part of sub-section ( 1). The amend· ments relevant in this case are the phrase 'after consulting the State Electricity Board' and sub-section (3) which now provides for hear-ing to the licensee before revocation of his license.

It appears from reading of s. 4 that when the Government con· suits the Board on the question of revocation of licence under s. 4, the Board is to make up its mind as to whether it should recommend (1) to revoke the licence, or (2) not to revoke the licence, or (3) to permit the licence to remain in force subject to such further terms and conditions as may be thought proper. It is difficult to conceive how the Board will make choice out of these three courses without considering the explanation of the licensee. The explanation may make out case for not revoking the licence or case for continuance of the licence with certain over·added conditions. In particular case the Government may propose to revoke the licence under s. 4(1)(c) on the ground that the licensee has failed to show that he is in posi-tion fully and efficiently to discharge the duties and obligations imposed on him by his licence. Similarly, it may propose to revoke the licence under s. 4 (1) ( d) where the financial position of the licensee is such that he is unable fully and efficiently to discharge the duties and obli-gations imposed on him by his licence. In none of these cases the Board will be able to make just choice out qf the aforesaid three

courses without applying its mind to the explanation of the licensee. In case of charge un~er s. 4(1)(d), it is open to the Board to advanc7 loan. to. the hcensee and recommend against the proposed revocation of his hcence. We are accordingly of opinion that s. 4 contemplates that the Board should make its recommendation only after considering the explanation of the licensee. It would follow that 8 the Board should be consulted by the Government after the licensee's explanation has been received. We have already said that in the present case the Board was consulted much before the receipt of the appellant's explanation and that the Boord consequently could not consider the explanation at the time of making its recommendation in favour of revocation of the licence.

Col\llcel for the Board has submitted that the Board is to be consulted only as regards 'public interest'. It is sufficient to state that we find no force at all in this argument. In the alternative, it is said that the. Board is to be consulted only at the stage when the Govern· ment takes provisional decision to revoke the licence. Th.e words 'after consulting the Board' have been added by an amendment. The suggested, construction would make the amendment mere pompous word-spinning.

It is now to be seen as to what is the effect of this premature con· sultation of the Board by the Government on the impugned order. The Act does not expressly provide for the conseque,nce of premature con· sultation. It does not say that the order of revocation is void. Sri Sen contends that the order will be void. Counsel for the Board, on · the other hand, contends that it will not be void. According to him, the provision regarding consultation of the Board is directory, and not mandatory. Non·compliance with directory provision does not nullify the order. .It is not disputed that if the provision is mandatory, the order of revocation will be void.

The object and setting of the phrase "after consulting the Boar~ in section 4 will have to be examined for deciding whether the prov1· sion is mandatory or directory. (H. N. Rishbud v. State of Delhi [1955) I S.C.R. 1150).

The power to revoke the licence is drastic power. The revoca-tion of licence results in severe aeridgment of the right to carry ?n business. Havingin mind the ri:quiremen~s of A~t .. 19(1) (g), Parha· ment has, 'jt~s to us, prescnbed cert~1n conditions to preve11t the abuse, of 'p~''and to ensure just ex~r~1se of power. Clauses (a} .to fd) of s, '4'jirel!Cribe some of the cond1tto11s precedent for the exercise of po\\'er, · The order of revocati?ll, in breach o~. a?Y one C?f. thos~ conditions will undoubtedly be void. The clause if. m its opm1on the public interest so requires" is also condition. precedent. On ~ sue· cessful showing that the order of revocation bas been mi:d.e ~1thout the Government applying its mind to the aspect of pubµc. mterest or without forming an honest opinion on that .aspect, 1t will, we ~aye no doubt be void. The phrase "after consulting the State Electrtc1!Y Board" i~ sandwiched between the clause "if in its opinion the public

Interest so requires" and els. (a) to (d). In this cont~xt it appears to us that consultation with the Board is also condition, precedent for rhaking the order of revocation. Accordingly the breach of this con· dition precedent should also entail the same consequence as the breach of the other conditions referred to earlier. It may be _observed that the phrase "after consulting the State Electricity Board" did not find place in s. 4 as it stood originally. It was introduced in s. 4 in 1959 by an amendment. It seems to us that it was introduced in s. 4 with the object of providing an additional safeguard to the licensee. When revoking licence, the State Government acts in two stages. At first it forms tentative opinion in favour of revoking the licence. Then it calls for an explanation from the licensee. When the explanation is received, it considers the explanation. If not satisfied with the expla· nation, it passes the final order of revocation. First impressions and provisional judgments have_ tendency to become ultimate ideas and final judgments. They would settle unconsciously on the investigator's mind as the imperceptible dust-particles on an optical Jens. They would dim his understanding and obfuscate his observation. Facts which will dovetail with them would arrest his attention; facts which will conflict with them would flit his observation. If by any chance he happens to notice refractory facts, he would seek to reconcile them with his first impressions and provisional judgments. This under-standing of human psychology seems to have pursuaded Parliament to interpose the condition of the Board's consultation to the Govern· ment's action. The Board is an independent body. It consists of three members. One of them is technical expert, the other finan· cial expert, and the third an administrative expert. While considering the facts presented to it by the Government and· by the licensee in his explanation, the Board will undoubtedly act with an open and uncon-ditioned mind and will be able to offer unbiased counsel to the Gov· ernment. Having regard to the o1!iect and context, we are of the view that the condition .of consulting the Board is mandatory and the breach of this condition will make the order of revocation void. We have already held that the Board was not consulted after the explanation was received. Accordingly we are of opinion that the order is void. The consequential order of acquisition will ipso facto fall down. Counsel for the Board has relied on State of U.P. v. Manbodhan Lal Srivastava (supra), Ram Gopal Chaturvedi v. State of Madhya Pradesh(') and The State of Bombay v. D. A. Korgaonkar([[2]]). He has also relied on Ro/lo v. Minister of Town and Country Planning(') and Derham Church Commissioners

Counsel for the Board has relied on State of U.P. v. Manbodhan Lal Srivastava (supra), Ram Gopal Chaturvedi v. State of Madhya Pradesh(') and The State of Bombay v. D. A. Korgaonkar([[2]]). He has also relied on Ro/lo v. Minister of Town and Country Planning(') and Derham v. Church Commissioners for England(') Ram .Gopal Chaturvedi v. State of Madhya Pradesh(') and State of Bombay v. D. A. Korgaonkar([2 ]) have followed Manbodhan Lal Srivastava (supra). In Manbodhan Lal this Court held that Art. 320(c) of the Constitution is directory and not mandatory. Government employee was dismissed from service after complying with the provisions of Art. 311 (2) of the Constitution. The U.P. Public Service Commission

(1) [1970] 1. S.C.R. 472. 12) Civil Aopeal No. 289 of 1958 decided on 6-5-1960.

(3) [1948] (I) All England Law Reports 13.

(4) [1954] A.C. 245.

was consulted as to the pnnishr.(ent to be imposed on him. But it was consulted before the explanation of the employee was received by the Government. The argument was that as the Commission did not have the opportuniiy of considering his explanatfon there was no real con; sultation. as ,required by Art. 320(c). lt w~s also argued that Art. 3~0(c) 1s. directory .. The proviso to Art. 320 empowers the appro-B vo1d. '1!1is .court pomted out several reasons for the view that Art. 32,0(c) 1s directory. The proviso to Art. 320 empowers the appro-pnate Government to issue directions as to the classes of cases in w.hich consultation of the Commission will not be necessary. The pro-viso therefore indicates that the provision is directory. Another reason given by the Court'is that Art. 320(c) does not occur in the Chapter in which Art. 311 occurs. It finds place in the Chapter deal· ing with the Public Service Commission. Accordingly .it ciianot be said that it confers any right on Government employees. Tift! third reason given is that consultation of the Commission is not binding on the Govermµent. The first two reasons do not apply in our case. We have shown earlier that the condition of consulting the Board has been inserted by an amendment of s. 4 witli the object of creating safeguard in favour of the licensee. There is no provision in the Act authorising the Government to waive the condition of consultation in any case. It is true that the third reason given by the Court in Man-. bodhan Lal (supra)' applies in this case. As there, so here the opinion of the Board is not binding on the Government. In spite of the Board advising against revocation, the Government, if satisfied . that it is necessary to revoke the licence may revoke it. But having regard to the object and context of s. 4, we are of opinion that it should not be regarded as an over-weighing consideration. It will normally be difficult for the Government to ignore the Board's expert advice. We are satisfied from the object and context of s. 4 that Parilament in· tended to make consultation of the Board an imperative condition to revoking licence. ·

In Jhe result, we allow the appeal and set aside the order of ·thil !High Court. The petition of the appellant under Art. 226 of the Constitution is allowed and the notice No. 11795-EL 1/61/19 PW dated 17·8·1962, the order of revocation No. '11795/EL 1/61·30/ PW dated 17·5·1963 and the order No. 11795-EL 1161·31/PW dated 17·5·1963 directing the appellant to hand over the Undertaking to the Board are quashed.. The appellant shall not get his costs here as well as in the. High Court, as the point on which the appeal is allowed was not raised in the High Court.