BAR COUNCIL OF MAHARASHTRA versus M. V. DABHOLKAR. ETC. ETC

BAR COUNCIL OF MAHARASHTRA

M. V. DABHOLKAR. ETC. ETC.

August 13, 1975

M. JI. BEG,

[A. N. RAY, C.J., H. R. KHANNA,

K. K. MATHEW,

V. R. KRISHNA IYER, A. C. GUPTA AND S. MURTAZA FAZAL ALI, JJ.]

Adrocates Act, 1961-Sections 37 and 38 Scope of-"Person aggrieved" if State Bar Council could be "person aggrieved".

The State Bar Councils created by the Advocates Act, 1961 have been en-trusted v;[1]ith the functions inter alia of entertaining and determ!ning cases of misconduct against advocates on their rolls and to safeguard their rights, privi-leges and interests. The Bar Council of India wh'..ch is national body created by the Act is entrusted with the work of laying down standards of professiona-1 conduct and etiquette and overseeing the functioning of the State Bar Councils. Under s. 35 of the Act, if State Bar Council, either on receipt of complai.nt or otherwise has reason to believe that any advocate on its roll has been guilty of professional or other misconduct, it shall refer the case to its Disciplinary Committee wh'.,ch, after due inquiry may impose certain penalties. An appe<1l from the decision of the State Bar Council lies to the Bar Council of India. Any "person aggrieved" by an order of the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India may, under s. 38, appeal to the Supreme Court. In exercise of the po\vers conferred by the Act the Bar Council of Ind'..a framed rules re-lating to professional conduct and etiquette, r. 36 of which says -:bat advocates shall not solicit work or advertise themselves.

1 he State Bar Council, in the present case, issued notices to the respondents suo nzotu alleging that they stood at the entrance of the court house at the Presidency Mag'.strate's Court, Fort Bombay and solicited work etc., and that the said act amounted to professional and/or other misconduct. The Discip-linary Committee of the State Bar Council found the respondents guilty of con-duct \vhich absolutely lowered the reoutafion of the Bar in the eyes of the pub-lic and suspended them from practising ~ advocates. The respondents' appeal to the Bar Counc'.l of India having been allowed, the State Bar Council has come u.p in appeal to this Court under s. 38. Before the Bar Council of India the State Bar Council had not appeared.

On the question whe·'.her the State Bar Council is "person nggrieved",

Allowing the appeals, Held:

[By the full Court],

The State Bar Council is an "aggrieved person" to maintain an appeal under the Act.

(per Ray, C.J., ,Khanna, 1\1athe\Y, Gupta and Murtaza Fazal Ali, JJ):

(1) The Bar Counc!l is "person aggrieved" because (i) the words "person aggrieved" in the Act are of wide import in the context of the purpose and pro-visions of the statute and should not be subj'ected to restricted interpretation of possession or denial of legal rights or burdens or financial interests. In dis-c'..plinary proceedings before the Di5ciplinary Committee there is no lis and there are no parties. The word 'person' will embrace the Bar Council which repre-sent-; the Bar of the State; (ii) the Bar Council represents the collective ·con-science of the standards of professiona-1 .:onduct and etiquette. The Bar Coun-cil acts as the protector of the purity and dignity of the profession; e.ii) the function of the Bar Council in entertaining complaints against advocates indicates that the Bar Council is ~nterested in the proceedings for the vindication of dis-cipline, dignity and decorum of the profession; (iv) vi hen the Bar Council ini-

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tiates proceedings by referring cases of misconduct to the Disc~,plinary Com-mittee, the Bar Council, in the performance of its function under the Act, is in-terested in the task of seeing that the advocates maintain proper standards and et:.quette of the profession and (v) the Bar Council is vitally concerned with the decision, in the context of its functions. The Bar Council will have grie-vance if the decision prejudices the maintenance of standards of prafessional conduct and ethics. f315G: 316D-G1

(2) (a) The Bar Council acts as the sent!.nel of professional code ot con-duct and is vitally interested in the rights and privileges of the advocates as well as th.e purity and dignity of the profession. [316A-BJ

(b) The grievance of the Bar Council is to be looked at purely from the point of v~.ew of standards of professional conduct and etiquette. rf any de-cision of the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India is a..;cording to. the S.tate Bar Council such as will lower the standards and imperil the high trad~­tions and values in the profession the State Bar Council is an "aggrieved person" to safeguard the interests of the public, the interests of the profession and the interests of the Bar. f316B-CJ

(3) The most significant feature in the matter of initiation o~ proce~d:ngs before the Disciplinary Comm~ttee is that no litigant and no member of the public can straightway commence disciplinary proceedings against an advocate. Jt is the Bar Council of State which initiates the d~sciplinary proceedings. There is no /is in proceedings before the Discip1inary Comn1ittee. The Bar Council~ in placing matter before the D!sciplinary Committee, does not act as prosecu-D tor in criminal case. compla·inant who prefers complaint against an ad-vocate is not like plaintiff in civil suit. The Bar Council may act on its own initiative on information which has come to its notke in the course of its duties. There is no party to the disciplinary proceedings because the Bar Council, the Attorney General, the Advocate General act in protecting the interests of ad-vocates and the interests of the public. In so acting there is no conflict betwee1J the advocate and any other person because it is professional conduct, professional · etiqilette, professional ethics, professional morality, wh~ch are to be upheld, transgression of which results in reprimanding the advocate or suspending him from practice or ren1oving his name from the roll. [314B-F]

Adi Pherozshah Gandhi v. H. M. Seervai, Advocate General of Maharashtra. Bonibay, [1971] 1 S.C.R. 863, referred to.

Beg, J. (concurring)

(1) There is no objection to participation of State Bar Council tn its executive capacity in disciplinary proceedi.ng against an advocate on its roll either at the initial or at the appellate stages. Before it can become "person aggrieved" by an order against which it could appeal, there must have been !is or d!spute to be decided which gives rise to the order complained of. To such "!is" the State Bar Council, in its executive capacity, must be deemed to be party. There seems to be no legal obstacles in the way of its separate re~ presentation even before its own Disciplinary Committee. Its right to appeal as "person aggrieved" is squarely covered by the provisions of ss. 37 and 38 of the Act. In the present case the respondents them,selves treated the Bar Council as party interested in the Iis when they imp1eaded the State Bar Council as respondent in their. appeals to the Bar Council of India. Its sta-tutory right to appeal under s. 38 15 not affected by the mere fact that it did not put in appear-ance before th~ Bar Council of India. [319D-GJ

. (2) The. S!ate Bar Council operates through its committees. .Each com-mittee has distinct and separable functions. Each could be said to have "per-i.ona" and an identity of its own, which is distingu=shable from that of the Bar Coun:il as whole. f3 l 7G] - .

3(a) _If the Bar Council has separable interest as guardian of the rights and pnvileges of the members of the Bar, specifically mentioned by s. 6 (1) ( d) of the Act, there is no reason why right to represent this interest hefore its

[1976] 1 S.C.R.

own Disciplinary Con1n1ittee as well as before the Bar Council of India, on an appeal under s. 3 7 of the Act, or, on further appeal to this Court under s. 38 -0f the Act should be denied to it. [318C-D]

4(a) \Vhen the State Bar Council can have locus sta11llt. and ri.ghts of '1>erson aggrieved'' affected by the results of such proceedings there is no reason why it should not b.! in the position of party to- !is or dispute ·between itself fl.nd ~he allegedly delinquent advocate. [318D-E]

'(b) The tenn '/is' is not confined to lit!gation by means of suit in i..:ourt of law. [318EJ

Butler v. }vfountgarret 7 H.L. Ca. 641 and B. Johnson & Co. (Builders) v. Minister of Health. [1947] 2 All. E.R. 395 @399, referred to.

5. The State Ba·r Council in its executive capacity acts as the prosecutor through its Executive Committee. There is no incongruity in its Disciplinary Com mi: tee r~presenting its judicial" wing, functioning as an impartial jud.ge \Vhose decisions are binding upon the State Bar Counci( · It is a· "person aggrieved" within the meaning of that expression U5ed in ss. 37 and 38 of the Act. [3180-HJ

Krishna Iyer, J. (concurring) :

·· .. (1) The Bar is not pr~vate guild, like· that of 'barbers, butchers and can-dlbstick-maKers' but, public institution committed to public justice and pro bona publico service. The grant of monopoly licence to practice Jaw is based on three '1Ssumptiqns; (iJ there is soc'.ally useful function for the lawyer to perform; (ii) the lawyer is professional person who will perform that func-tion; and (iii) his performance <is professional person is regulated by him-self 1.1.nd more formally, by the professi-00 -as whole. The central function that the legal profession must perform is nothing less than the administration of ju.sti:e. [3220-HJ

(2) Jn developing count1y the pattern of public oriented litigation better fulfils the ruJe of law if it £s to run close to the rule of life. The Bar Council clearly comes within this category of organisations when lawyer is involved. [3230]

(3) case of professional misconduct is not Us in the British sense nor case and controrersy in the Amer:Can meaning. It is public investigation about misconduct by one belonging to public profession where every member of the Bar with reputation to lose has stake and everyone concerned with the justice administTation is interested. The Bar has share in being the sentinel on the qui vive when the legal dykes of right and justice are breached by authoritarianism or citizen wrongdoing. [323F~G]

(4) The possible apprehension that widening_ legal standing with public connotation may unloose flood of litigation which may ovenvhelm the judges ls misplaced because pubEc resort to court to suppress public n1ischief is tribute to the justice system. In this case to grant an exclusionary windfall on the res· pondents is to cripple the Bar Council in its search for justice and insistence on standards. [326BJ

A. P. Gt111dhi v. H. M. Seeravai, [1971] 1 S.C.R. refered to.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 1461 to 1468 of 1974.

From the Judgment and Order dated the 14th April, 1974 of the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Conncil of India, New Delhi. in D. C. Appeals Nos. 15 to 19, 21, 22 and 25 of 1973 respectively.

V. S. Desai, Vimal Dave a!ad Kai/ash Mehta, for the appellant (in all the appeals).

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M. V. Dabolkar, for the respondent (In C. A. No. 1461/74).

Z. F. Bootwa.la and Urmila Sirur, for the respondent (In C. A. Nos. 1462-64174).

V. N. Ganpule and v. H. Dixit, for the respondent (In C. A. No. 1465174).

K. G. Mandalia, for the respondent (In C. A. No. 1466/74). E. Udayarathanam and A. K. Doshi, for the respondent (In C.A. No. 1467 /74).

D. K. Raisinghani, for the respondent (In C.A. No. 1468/n).

K. K. Sinha and S. K. Sinha, for the Bihar State Bar Council.

D. V. Patil and K. Hingorani, for the Bar Council of India.

The Judgment of A. N. RAY, C.J., H. R. KHANNA, K. K. MA<HEW, A. c. GUPTA ANDS. M. FAZAL Au, was delivered by A. N. RAY. C.J., M. H. BEG and v. R. KRISHNA IYER; JJ. gave separate Opinions.

RAY, C.J.-Thesc appeals were placed before this Bench for cons!-deration of the question whether the Bar Council of State i> "a person aggrieved" to maintain an appeal under section 38 of th~ Ad-vacates Act, 1961 hereinafter called the Act. The Rar Council of Maharashtra on 8 August, 1964 considered complaint received from the High Court against the respondeiats and resolved that the complaint received from the High Court against the respondents be referred to the disciplinary committee. Another reso-lution was passed by the Bar Council of Maharashtra on the same day whereby Messrs Hotchand Advani, R. W. Adik and S. C. Chagla were elected as members of the disciplinary committee to enquire into the complaints.

The aforesaid discipliaary committee met on 19 March, 1965 and beard the advocates for the Bar Council of the State of Maharashtra. After considering the papers placed before the committee, it directed the Registrar to issue notices under section 35 (2) of the Act to the "parties concerned ineluding the Advocate-General". The committee also expressed the opinion that "there is prima facie case of profes-sional misconduct".

The Bar Council of Maharashtm on 18 May, 1965 issued r.otices under sectiola 35 of the Act to the respondents. The notice was des-cribed as suo motu inquiry against the respondents. The notice proceeaed with the recital that it came to the notice of the Bar Council of Maharashtra that the respondents stood at the entrance of the Court House at the Presidency Magistrate's Court, Esplanade, Fort Bombay and solicited work and generally behaved at that plate in an u'ndigni-fied manner and the said acts amounted to professional and/ or other misconduct and the Bar Council ~constituted disciplinary committee and the inquiry was entrusted to the committee consisting of Messrs H. G. Advani, R. W. Adik and S. C. Chagla.

The said disciplinary committee heard evidence upto 31 August, 1968. On 14 June, 1969, the Bar Council of Maharashtra passed resolution requesting the aforesaid disciplinary committee to pro-ceed with the inquiry which was pending before them prior to 3 l March, 1969.

The disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of Maharashtra on 27 June, 1973 fouad the respondents guilty of conduct which seriously lowered the reputation of the Bar in the eyes of the public. The dis-ciplinary committee directed that the respondents would stand sus-pended from practising as advocates for period of three years. The suspension orders were to be operative from 1 August, 1973.

The respondents preferred appeals before the Bar Council of India. In these appeals, the respondents impleaded the Bar Council of Maha-rashtra as respdadents. The disciplinary committe~ of the Bar Coun-cil of India on 14 April, 197 4 allowed the appeals and set ~side the orders of the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of Maha-rashtra. While setting aside the orders of the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of Maharashtra, the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India stated as follows :-

"The Bar Council of Maharashtra has not appeared even though they started the proceedings suo motu and we do not pass any orders as to costs and we direct each party will bear their costs. However, we have gone through the evi-dence ourselves and also the same has been placed in defail by the appellants. All that we can say is that we expected the Bar Council of Maharashtra to be respresentcd in the ap-peal because proceedings were started s110 motu".

These statements of the disciplinary committee of the Bar Coun-cil of India indicate that the Bar Council of Maharashtra should have appeared before the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India.

The scheme of the Advocates Act ia short is as follows :

There are State Bar Councils. There is Bar Council of India Everv Bar Council is body corporate. · ·

The functions of State Bar Council are inter alia to entertain and determine cases of misconduct against advocates on its roll and to safeguard the rights, privileges and interests of advocates on its roll.

The foactions of. the Bar Council of India are inter alia to lay down standards of profess10nal .cound~ct. and etiquet.te, to Jay down the pro-cedur~ to be followed by its disc.iplmary committee and the disciplinary comn~ittee of State Bar Councils, to safeguard the rights, privileges and mterests of advocates and to exercise general supervision and control over State Bar Councils.

Discipli;ia:y com'.'1ittees are constituted by each Bar Cou'acil. B~r Council is reqmred to constitute one or more disciplinary com-mittees each of which shall consist of three persons of whom two shall

be persons elected by the Council from amongst its members and the· other shall be person co-opted by the Council from amongst advo-cates who posscsss the qualifications specified in the proviso to sectioru 3(2) of the Act and are aot members of the Council, and the senror-most advoca.e amongst the members of disciplinary committee shall be its Chairman. -When the Executive Committees of State Bar Council and of the Bar Council of fadia and an Enrolment Committee of State Bar·

-When the Executive Committees of State Bar Council and of the Bar Council of fadia and an Enrolment Committee of State Bar· Council and the legal education committee of the Bar Council of India are to consist of members erected by the Council from amongst its members, it is noticeable that the disciplinary committees of Bar Council of State as well .as of Bar Council of India shall consist of • three persons of whom two shall be elected by the Council from· amongst its members and the other shall be person co-opted by the Council from advocates who are not otherwise members of the Council.

Chapter V of the Act relates to the Conduct of Advocates. Chap-ter V contai.is sections 35 to 44. Section 35 sfates that where on· receipt of complaint or otherwise State Bar Council has reason to. believe that any •advocate on its roll has been guilty of professional or· other misconduct, it shall refer the case for disposal to its disciplinary committee. The State Bar Council may, either of its own motion or on application made to it by any person interested, withdraw pro-ceeding pending before its disciplinary commiltee and direct that inquiry to be made by another disciplinary committee of the State Bar· Council. The disciplinary committee of State Bar Council shall fix date for the hearing of the case and shall cause notice to be given· to the advocate concerned and to the Advocate-General of the Srate. The disciplinary committee of ihe State Bar Council may make any of the following orders namely, (a) dismiss the complaint, or where· the proceedings were initiated at the instance of the State Bar Council, direct that the proceedings be filed, (b) reprimand the advocate, (c) suspend the advocate for such period as it may deem fit, ( d) remove the name of the advocate from the State roll of advocates.

Section 36 speaks of disciplinary powers of the Bar Council of India and provides that where on receipt of complalat or otherwise the Bar Council of India has reason to believe that any advocate whose name is not entered on any State roll has been guilty of professional or other misconduct, it shall refer the case for disposal to its discipli-nary committee. The disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India may either of its ov/.i motion or on report by any State Bar Council or on an application made to it by any person interested, wit~draw for inquiry before itself any proceeding for disciplinary action agamst any advocate pending before the disciplinary committee of a:ny State Bar Council and dispose of the same.

Section 37 speaks of appeal to the Bar Council of India. This sec-tion states that any person aggrieved by an order of the disciplinary

committee of State Bar Council or the Advocate-General of the State may, within sixty days of the date of communication of the order, prefer an appeal to the Bar Council of India.

Section 38 provides for appeal to the Supreme Court. Section 38 states that any person aggrieved by an order made by the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India under section 36 or section 3 7 or the Attorney-General of India or the AdvoC'ate-Ge,1eral of the State, as the case may be, may prefer an appeal to the Supreme Court.

Section 49 of the Act provides that the Bar Council of India may make rules for discharging its functions under the Act and in particular ·such rules may prescribe inter alia the standards of professional con-.duct and etiquette to be observed by advocates. The Bar Council of .Iadia in exercise of the rule making power under section 49 ( c) of the Act on 10 and 11 July, 1954, approved the rules of standards of pro-.fessional conduct and etiquette. The standards of professional con-duct and etiquette arc described in five sections. The first section deals ·with duty of advocates to the Court. The second section speaks of . duty of advocates to the clients. The thi<d section consists of rules re-_garding duty of advocates to opponent. The fourth section prescribes duties of advocates to colleagues. The fifth section Jays down restric-tions on advocates on other employments.

The present appeals touch on Ruic 36 of the Rules of the Bar 'Council of India. Rule 36 is in fourth section under the heading "duty 1o colleagues". Rule 36 speaks that "an advocate shall not solicit work or advertise either directly or indirectly, whether by circular, ad-vertisements, touts, perso\J1al comn1unicoations, interviews not warranted hy personal relations, furnishing newspaper comments or procuring his photograph to be published in connection with cases in which he has been engaged or concerned.The question for consideratioi,1 is the meaning of the words "any person aggrieved by an order made by the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India" occurring in section 3 8 of the Act. It is noticeable that in section 37, the Advocate-General of the State an.d in section 38, the Attorney-General or the Advocate-General of the State, as the case may be, have been given specific rights of appeal. These rights were introduced into the Act by amendments made in the :year 1974 by Amending Act 60 of 1973.

In Adi Pherozshah Gandhi v. H. M. Seervai, Advocate.General of Maharashtra, Bombay(!), the question which fell for considcra-tion was whether the appeal filed by the Advocate-General of Maha-r~shtra before the Bar Council of India was competent. The majority view was that the Advocate-General of the State was not competent to ·file an appeal to the Bar Council of India. In the Maharashtra case (supra), the disciplinary committee of the Sta'e Bar Council was satis-fied that there was no reason to hold Adi Pherozshah Gandhi guilty of professional misconduct or other misconduct. The Advocate-General

of Maharashtra filed an appeal before the Bar Council of India. The appellant objected to the tocus siandi of Advocate-General before the Bar Council of India. That objection was overruled and the appeal filed by the A\jvocate-General was accepted by the disciplinary com-mittee of the Bar Council of India. The disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India held the advocate, Adi Pherozshah Gandhi guilty of misconduct and suspended him from practice for one year. The advocate preferred an appeal Ul\der section 38 of the Act to this Court .. I 11 vic•v or majority decision, the appeal filed by Adi Pherozshah Gandhi was accepted by this Court on the ground that the Advocate-General of Maharashtra was incompetent to tile an appeal. It is in this back-ground that amendments have been introduced into sections 37 and 38 of the Act conferring right of appeal on the Advocate-General of State and the Attorney-General of India under sections 37 and 38 respectively . The respondents · contended on the ruling of this Court in Adi Plzerozshah Gandhi's case (supra) that the Bar Council of the S:ate is not person aggrieved to maintain an appeal against decision of its disciplinary committee for these reasons. First, the Bar Council of State is not an aggrieved person because Bar Council has not suffered any legal grievance, and the decision of the Bar Council of India has not deprived the Bar Council of State of anything. Second,· the allegation that order of the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India is wrongfully made does nQt by itself giye any grievance to the. Bar Council of State. The person must be.,aggrieved by the order and not by the consequences whkh ensue. Third, it is not the duty of the State Bar Council to attempt to set right any alleged error of the disci-plinary co'11.mittee of the Bar Council of India. The reason is that no such duty has been impos.\'d or cast by law on the Bar Council of State. Fomth, person can be said to be aggrieved by a,n order which is to his detriment, pecuniary or otherwise or causes him some prejudice in some form or other. Fifth, the Bar Council of a_· State is sub01tlinate to Bar Council of India and is, therefore, not competent to appeal against any orders of the superior body. Finally, an appeal could have been filed by the Advocate-General or the Attorney-General of India who have the right to appeal but they have chosen not to do so.

The scheme and the provisions of the Act indicates that the consti-tution of State Bar Councils and Bar Council of India is for one of the principal purposes to see that the standards of professional conduct aad etiquette laid down by the Bar Council of India are observed and pre-served. The Bar Councils therefore entertain cases of misconduct agoinst a~vocates. The Bar Councils are to safeguard the rights, privi-lege and mt_erests of adyocates. The Bar Council is body corporate. The d1sc1plmary committees are ·constitutel::l bv the Bar CouncL The Bar Council is not' the same body as its disciplinary committee. One of the principal functions of the Bnr Council ·in regard to standacds of professional conduct a~d etiquette of advocates is to receive complaints against advocates and 1f the Bar Council lras reason to believe that any advocate has been guilty of orofessional ot other · miscon>luct it >haU-refer the case for disposal to its disciplinary committee. The Bar Coun-

.cil of State may also of its own motion if it has reason to believe that any advocate has been guilty oi protess,onal or other misconduct it shall refer the case for disposal to its disciplinary committee. It is apparent that State Bar Council not only receives complaint but is rcqwred to apply its mind to find out whether there is any reason to believe that any advo:ate has been guJty of professional or other mis-conduct. The Bar Council of State acts on that reasoned belief. Th~ Bar Council has very important part to play first, in the reception of .complaints, second, in forming reasonable belief of guilt of professional .or other misconduct and finally in making reference of the case to its .disciplinary committee. 111e initiation of the proceedings before the disciplinary committee is by the Bar Council of State. most signifi-.cant feature is that no litigant and no member of the public can straight-. away commence disciplinary proce~ngs against an advocate. It is the Bar Council of State which initiates the disciplinary proceedings.

In finding out the meaning of the words "person aggrieved by an .order made by the disciplinary committee of the Bar Cou;;cil of lr.dia", two features are to be kept in the fore-front. First, there is no /is in pro-.ceel'.lings before the disciplinary committee. When the disciplinary com-.mittee exercises the power to reprimand the advccatc, or suspend th: .advocate from practice or remove the name of the advocate, the com-.mittee does not decide suit between the parties. The Bar .council in placing matter before the disciplinary committee does not act as prosecutor in criminal case. complainant who prefers .complaint against an advocate is not like plaintiff in civil suit. The .complaint is examined by the Bar Council in order to find out whether there is any reason to believe that any advocate has been gnilty of mis-,conduct. The Bar Council may act on its own initiative on informa-tion which has come to its notice in the course of its duties. Secom!, there is no party to the disciplinary proceedings. It is because the Bar •Council, the Attorney-General, the Advocate-General, as the case may 'be, all act in protecting the interests of advocates, the interests of the public. In so acting there is no conflict between the advocate and any ·Other person. The reason is that it is professional conduct, professional etiquette, professional ethics, professional morality, which are to be up-held, transgression of which results in reprimanding the advocate or ·suspending him from practice or removing his name from the roll.With regard to the conduct of the a'dvocates, the State Bar Conncil plays an important part, vis-a-vis the disciplinary committee constituted ·by the State Bar Council. First, under section 35(1A) of the Act the ·state Bar Conncil may either of its own motion or on an application made to it by any person interested, withdraw proceeding pending be-fore its disciplinary committee and direct the inquiry to be made by anv ·other 'disciplinary committee of the State Bar Council. This indicate; ·the watch that the State Bar Council has to keep. Its task does not cease on placing matter before the disciplinary committee. This provi-sion shows on one hand the abiding interest of the State Bar Council in the matter and on the other the duty of guarding the professional ethics with which it is ~ntrnsted. Second, under section 36(2) of the Ad, :State Bar Council may make report to the Bar Council of Ind;a to

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withdraw before the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India any proceeding for disciplinary action against any advocate pendillg betore rhe disciplinary commn,ee at Srace tsar Counc1l. These provi-sions indicate that after the State Bar Council has placed the matter before its disciplinary commit,ee, the tsar Council continues its check en the proceedings. 1 nese courses 01 acnon are procedural. These steps do not give the State Bar Council any power 10 dea1 with the decisions of the disciplinary commi,tee. The reason why the State Bar Council is empowered under the Act to withdraw proceedings from one disciplinary committee and give it to another or to have the disciplinary proceedings withdrawn from the State for determination by the disciplinary com-mittee of the Bar Council of India is that the State Bar Council is all the time interested in the task of preserving the profession against im-purities in the standards of conduct. The Bar Council is the· collective representative of the lawyers, the public, in regard to the observance of profess!onal ethics by persons belonging to the noble profession .

The words "person aggrieved" are found in several statutes. The meaning of the words "person aggrieved" will have to be ascertained with reference to the purpose and the .provisions of the statute. Some-times, it is said that the words "person aggrieved" correspond to the requirement of locus standi which arises in relation to judicial remedies.

Where right of appeal to Courts against an administrative or judicial decision is created by statute, the right is invariably confined to person aggrieved or person who claims to be aggrieved. The mean-ing of the words "a person aggrieved" may vary according to the con-text of the statute. One of the meanings is that person will be held to be aggrieved by decision if that decisioa is materially adverse to him. Normally, one is required to establish that one has been denied Qr deprived of something to which cne is legally entitled in order to make one "a person aggrieved". Again person is aggrieved if legal burden is imposed on him. The meaning of the words "person aggrieved" is sometimes given restricted meaning in certain statutes which provide remedies for the protection of private legal rights. The restricted meaning requires denial or deprivation of legal rights. more liberal approach is required in the background of statutes wh'ch do not deal with property rights but deal with professioaal conduct and morality. The role of the Bar Council under the Advocates Act is comparable to the role of guardian in professional ethics. The words "persons aggrieved" in sections 37 and 38 of the Act are of wide im-port and should not be subjected to restricted interpretation of posses-sion or denial of legal ri~ts or burdens or financial interests. The test is whether the words "person aggrieved" include "a person who has genuine grievance because an order has been m.ade which prejudi-cially affects his interests". It has, therefore, to be found out whether the Bar Council has grievance in respect of an order or decision affect- . ing the professional conduct and etiquette.

The pre-eminent question is : what are the interests of the Bar Council ? The interests of the Bar Council are the ma;ntenance of standartls of professional conduct and etiquette. The Bar Council has

no personal or pecuniary interest. The Bar Collilcil has the statutory duty and interest to see that the rules laid down by the Bar Council of India in relation to professional conduct and etiquette are upheld and not violated. The Bar Council acts as the sentinel of professional code of conduct and is vitally interested in the rights and privileges of the advocates as well as. the Pl!rity and dignity of the profession.

· The interest of the Bar Council is to uphold standards of professional conduct and etiquette in the profession, which is founded upon integrity and mutual trust. The Bar Council acts as the custodian of the high traditions of the noble profession. The grievance of the Bar Council is to be looked at purely from the point of view of standards of pro-fessional conduct and etiquette. If any decision of the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India is according to the State Bar CoUllcil such as will lower the standards and imperil the high traditions and values in the profession, the State Bar CoiinciUs an aggrieverl per: son to safeguard the interests of the public, the interests of the profes-sion and the interests of the Bar.The Bar Council is "a person aggrieved" for these reasons. First, the words "person aggrieved" in the Act are of wide import in the context of the purpose and provisions of the siatute. In disciplinary proceedings before the disciplinary committee there is no /is and there are no parties. Therefore, the word "person" will embrace the Bar Council which represents the Bar of the State. Second, the Bar Coun-cil is ··a person aggrievtld" because it represents the collective cons-cience: of the standards of professional conduct and etiquette. The Bar Council acts as the protector of the purity and dignity of the pro-fession. Third, the function of the Bar Council in entertaining -com: plaints against advocates is when the Bar Council has reasonable belief that ther.e'.-is prima facie case of misconduct that disciplinary com-. mittee is .entrusted with such inquiry. Once an inquiry starts, the Bar Council has no control over its decision. The Bar Council may entrust it to another disciplinary committee or the Bar Council may make report to the Bar Council of India. This ir,ldicates that the Bar Coun-cil is all ihe time interested in the proceedings .for the vindication of discipline, dignity and decorum of the professfon. Fourth, .decision of disciplinary committee can only be corrected by .appeais as provid-ed 1;1n,dei:. the Act. . When the Bar Coimc~l ·~ i@tia1~s .• ptqceellings by rcfernng. cal'e_s of miscQllduct to disciplinary co_mmittee. the J?ar 9oun-. cil in th~ performance of.its furuotions wider .the. Act is interested in the task. of seeing that the advocates maintain the proper standards and etiquette of the profession. Fifth, the Bar Council is vitally concerned with.the dedsion in the context of the fnnctions of. the Bar Council. The Bar Cpue~]I will bave grievance if the decision prejudices the main-tenance of .St'lJltlar!ls of professional conduct and. ethics.

For th~se :easons we hold that the Bar Council is an aggrieved per-son to mamta!n an ~ppeal un_der the Act. _ . --

_ . The appeals . ..... - -will _... now . be -- . J:ieard . on merits py . --a. . Division Berch. -.......

BEG, J.-I not only concur with the conclusion reached by My Lord the Chief Justice and the reasons given to support it. but I think t.hat we can and should hold that there was actually "lis" between the Bar Council and the allegedly delinquent Advocates who were hauled up before its Disciplinary Committee, on complaints sent by the Executive Committee of the State Bar Council, for what were said to be acts of professional misconduct.

The learned Chief Justice.has very clearly and succinctly set out the reasons why State Bar Council is "person aggrieved" entitled to appeal against orders in disciplinary proceedings against members of the Bar of the State. It represents the Bar of the State. It is the "keeper of the conscience" and the guardian of the interests of members of the Bar. It acts "as the protector of the purity and dignity of the profession.'' Its function in relation to disciplinary proceedings, is to entertain complaints against Advocates, and, when there is prima facie case of misconduct, to initiate proceedings by sending the complaint to its Disciplinary Committee. It has an interest in seeing that correct decisions are given upon matters involving allegations of misconduct against members of the Bar of the State. My learned brother Krishna Iyer has indicated the wide range and the social significance and dimen-sions of this interest.

State Bar Council is composed primarily of members elected from amongst Advocates of State. . Its statutory functions are given in Section 6 of the Advocates Act, 1961 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'). Amongst these, we are especially concerned here with clauses (c) and (d) of Section 6(1) of the Act, which read as follows:

"(c) to entertain and determine cases of misconduct against advocates on its roll;

(d) to safeguard the rights. privileges and foterests of advocates on its roll;"

Under Section 9 of the Act, the State Bar Council constitutes its Disciplinary Committee consisting of "three persons of whom two shall be persons elected by the Council from amongst its members and the other shall be person coopted by the Council from amongst Advocates who possess the qualifications specified .... ". Under Section 10 it elects an Executive Committee of five members and an Enrolment Com-mittee of three. members. Thus, the State Bar Conncil operates. through its Committees. Each Committee has distinct and separable. functions. Each could, therefore, be said to have "persona" and an identity of its own which is distinguishable from that of the Bar Council as whole. Each Committee, no doubt, acts for the Bar Council, but its members are likely to be different although this is not necessarily so. In any case, when the State Bar Council has sent case to its Disciplinary Com-mittee, under Section 35 of the Act, that Committee proteeds as an independent and impartial authority which tries complaint and either dismisses it or directs ptocccdings to be filed, or, upon finding an advo-cate guilty, punishes him by either reprimanding him, suspending him from practi~ for specified period, or orders removal of· his name 7-L 839 Sup CI/75

(1976) 1 S.C.R.

from its roll of advocates. Indeed, Section 420) of the Act gives the Disciplinary Committee the powers of Civil Court under the Civil Pro-cedure Code; and, Section 42(2) enacts that its proceedings shall be ''deemed" to be judicial proceedings for the purposes mentioned there. At the trial of complaint, opportunities to be heard must be given to the Advocate General and to the Advocate who is tried by it. This has to be done because there arc disputes and conflicting interests and points of view on which the Disciplinary Committee has to give its deci-sions. The Advocate General can appear either personally or through an Advocate representing him. He presumably represents public interest as well as the interests of the legal profe&sion of which he is the formal head in the State. It is true that there is no provision in Section 35 of the Act for implcading the State Bar Council which, on its execu-tive side, initiates the proceedings by sending the case to its Disciplinar) Committee. But, if the Bar Council has separable interest, as guardian of the rights and privileges of the members of the Bar, specifi-cally mentioned by Section 6(1) (d) of the Act, there is no reason wh) right to represent this interest before its own Disciplinary Committee as well as before the Bar Council of India, on an appeal under Section 37 of the Act, or, on the fl)rther appeal to this Court under Section 38 of the Act, should be denied to it. Neither Section 37 nor Section 38 of the Act mention the State Bar Council as separate entity. Never-theless, if, as we are holding, it can have the locus sta11di aud rights of "person aggrieved", affected by the results of such proceedings, I sec no reason why we should not say that it is in the position or party to "!is" or dispute between itself and the allegc.dly delinquent Advo-cate towards the decision of which the proceedings arc dircctecl. The term ''!is" is not confined to litigation by means of suit in Court of law. In Butler v. M(>w1tgarret([1]), it was held that "suit is not necessary to constitute tis". It was pointed oub there that "a family controversy capable of being litigated is !is mota". Jn B. Jol11rs0n & Co. (Builders) v. Minister of Health('), Lord Greene, M.R. said : "Lis implies the conception o[ an issu()' joined between two parties. Th~ de cision of !is ..... is the decision of that issue".

II' the State Bar Council, acting through its Executive Committee, has found prima fade case to be sent and tried by its Disciplinary Com-mittee, it performs the functions of prosecuting agency. It docs so in the discharge of its duty to safeguard "the rights, privileges and interests" of Advocates as whole on its roll which arc affected by the misconduct of an Advocate. There arc, therefore, triable issues between it and the individual Advocate accused o[ misconduct. It seems to me that we could and should, therefore, hold that t11e State Bar Council, in its exe-cutive capacity, acts as the prosecutor through its Executive Colll!llittee. There is no incongruity in its Disciplinary Committee, representing its Judicial wing, functioning as an impartial Judge whose decisions arc binding upon the State Bar Council. Ifwe are holding that Bar Coun-cil, dissatisfied "ith decision o[ its Disciplinary Committee, can appeal against it, we have to, I think, as its logical corollary, also hold that it is

··(tJ 1 n:L:-ca. 64t.

121 [t9n12 All. E. R. 395 At JJJ.

party to "!is". Our opinion that it is "person aggrieved'', within the meaning of that expression as used in Sections 37 and 38 of the Act, necessarily implies that.

The point of view stated above rests upon the distinction between the two different capacities of the State Bar Council; an executive capa-city, in which it acts as the prosecutor through its Executive Committee, and quasi-judicial function, which it performs through its Disciplinary Committee. If we can make this distinction, as I think we can, there is no merger between the prosCC\JtOr and the Judge here. If one may illustrate from another sphere, when the State itself acts through its executive agencies to prosecute and then through its judicial wing to decide case, there is no breach of rule of natural justice. The prose-cutor and the Judge could not be said to have the same personality or approach just because both of them represents different aspects or func-tions of the same State.

For the reasons given above, l do not see any objection to participation of State Bar Council in its executive capacity, in disciplinary proceeding, against an Advocate on its roll, either at the initial or the appellate stages. Before it can become "person aggrieved'' by an order against which it could appeal, there must have been "!is" or dispute to be decided which gives rise to the order complained of. To such "lis" the State Bar Council, in its executive capacity must be deemed to be party. Apparently, its interests arc presumed to be sufficiently represented by the Advocate General. Hence, it was not considered necessary to provide for its separate representation by notice to be given by its Diseiplinary Committee as is provided for in the case of the Advocate General. But, there seems to me to be 110 legal obstacle in the way of its separate representation, if it so desires, even before its ow11 Disci-plinary Committee. It certainly has notice of every complaint when-ever it sends it to its Disciplinary Committee. Its right to appeal, in any event, as "person aggrieved", seems squarely covered by the provisions of Sections 37, and 38 of the Act. It may be mentioned here that the respondents themselves treated the Bar Council as party interested in "lis", so that it could become "person aggriev-ed" by the setting aside of the orders against respondents, when they impleaded the State Bar Council as respondent in their appeals to the Bar Council of India. Its statutory right to appeal to this Court under Section 38 is not affected by the mere fact that it did not put in appearance before the Bar Council of India,

KmsHNA lnR, J.-My concurrence in the opinion which has been hande<l down by the learned Chief Justice is ordinarily dissuasive of separate long note, save when fresh perspective is to be present-ed or new frontiers are to be drawn by doing so. Partiall.v, my supplementary has this apofogy. ·

The two-day long arguments in this case have been devoted to construction of two simple words in common use forming the

expression 'person aggrieved". Precedential erudition and traditional approaches notwithstanding, the key to the meaning of the expression in question lies in plain English plus the social feel of the stams and the public comnlitment of the legal profession, the regulation of which has been achieved by the Advocates Act, 1961 (for short, the Act) wherein the above words occur. Legal scholarship, to be fruitful, must focus on the life-style of the law without getting lost in mere logomachy,

The short question is as to whether the State Bar Council is 'person aggrieved' within the meaning of s. 38 so that it has locus standi to appeal to this Court against decision of the Disciplinary Tribunal of the Bar Council of India which, it claims, is embarrassing· ly erroneous and, if left unchallenged, may frustrate the high ob!iga-tion of maintaining standards of probity and purity and canons of correct professional conduct among· the members of the Bar on its rolls.

I skip the facts as they have been set out in the judgment of the learned Chief Justice, except to state that number of advocates, who are ranged as respondents, had been found guilty by the Disci· plinary 1ribunal of the State Bar Council of unseemly soliciting but, on appeal, the disciplinary body of the National Bar Council, exonerat-ed them on certain view of 'protessional condµct' which disturbed the State Bar Council and even the All·lndia Bar Council, with the result that the former came upto this Court in appeal and the latter actively supported this stand ..

The hackneyed phrase, 'person aggrieved', is . not merely of frequent occurrence in statutes and in the writ jurisdiction but has come up for judicial consideration in Anglo-American and. Indian coilrts ih variety of situations and legislative settings. Notwith-standing the slippery semantics of such legalese, the Indian legislative draftsmen have continued to use them, out of linguistic allegiance to the l3ritish art, and Indian Judges have frequently sought interpreta-tive light from English authorities of ancient vintage. These 'borrow· ed' drafting and interpretative exercises arc sometimes inept when time and country change and the context and text of the statute vary. I stress this aspect since much of the time of the Courts in India is consun1ed by massive, and sometimes mechanical, reliance on exotic constructions and default in evolving legislative simplicity and avoid-ing interpn:tativc complexit;y. At time when our Courts are on trial for delayed disposals and mystifying processes, this desideratum becomes all the more urgent. Otherwise, why should decoding sing[1]e exprcssion-'person aggrieved'-takc two days of ]·earned length'!

Even in England, so well-known Parliamentary draftsman as Francis Bennion has recently pleaded in the Manchester Guardian against incomprensible law forgetting 'that it is fundamentally impor-tant in free society that the law should be readily ascertainable and reasonably clear, and that otherwise it is oppressive and deprives

the citizen of one of his basic rights'. It is also needlessly expen-sive and wasteful. Reed Dickerson, the famous American Draftsman, said : 'lt cost the Government and the public many millions of dollars annually'. The Renmn Committee, in England, has reported on drafting reform but it is unfortunate that India is unaware of this problem and in post-Independence statute like the Advocates Act legislators should still get entangled in these drafting mystiques and R judges forced to pl;iy linguistic game when the country has an illiterate laity as consumers of law and the rule of law is basic to our coustitutional order .Back to the issue. Is the State Bar Council 'person aggrieved' ? No narrow. pedantic, technical or centenarian construction ~an be blindly applied. On the other hand, spacious construction, func-tionally informed by the social conscience and the salutary purpose of the enactment must illumine the judicial effort. So viewed, the ample import and breath of meaning of the words 'person aggrieved' will embrace the State Bar Council, for reasons which I shall present -ly set out.

Each statute has personality and message. Judicial interpre-tation is not bloodless and sterile exercise in spinning subtle webs, sometimes cobwebs, out of words and phrases otherwise simple,. but to unfold the scheme of the legislation insightfully, sense its social setting and read the plain intendment. This living approach can do justice to law. We are .here concerned with .a legislative outfit for national Bar, organising and prescribing its statutory autonomy, elective structure, public functions, internal regulation and ultimate appeal to the Supreme Court where canons of good conduct have been allegedly breached by delinquent lawyers. This conspectus will show what vibrant and responsible role the Bar Council ha> to play at the State and national levels and any inter-pretation which will detract from this supervisory status of the Bar Council will be incongruous with the founding creed of the mstitu- · tion. The paramount concern of the Bar Councils is the lawyer, the public a1t1d professional responsibility. Anything that hurts the health of this system is social trauma, legal grievance, '.•pecial injury, for them. After all, 'lawyer-power' lasts not through peak incomes of few and security of statutory monopoly, but by the high comport and ethics of the many, screening and weeding de-viants and delinquents.

Let us get glimpse of the great expectations about the legal profes-sion in society. Long ago, De Toqueville trenchantly remarked that the profession of law. ·

"is the only aristrocratic clement which can be amalgama· tcd without violence with natural elements of democracy ... , I cannot believe that Republic could subsist if the influence · · of lawyers in public business did not increase in proportion to the power of the people."

He rightly stressed tliat 'lawyers belong to the .people by birtll and interest, to the aristocracy by habit and taste'. Thus the profession is

the connecting link between the community and the Administration. given ::m cnligthended, goal-oriented group outgrowing its elitist more~. Indeed today lawyers arc recruited also from the lower brackets. India has huge number of law men who can be force. What Prof. Brabanti observed about the Pakistan Bar has some, only some though, relevance to India, and I quote :

"The sheer size of the legal community,. strongly organi-sed into bar associations and closely allied with equally strong courts has not only been major source for the diffusion and {egcneration of norms generally, but by weight of numbers has enabled the courts to remain strong and has prevented the rise of administrative lawlessness. There is curious ano-maly here. The legal community, while often antagonistic to government and constraining executive action, is nevertheless closely identified normatively and culturally with the bureau-cratic elite. This identification curiously coupled with healthy antagonism actually enhances the strength o[ the legal com-unity. It derives popular support from its ostensible oppo-sition to Government and at the same time elicits bureaucra-tic support in the community at large. It has net work o[ relationships in rnral areas and the cities .... In short, the legal commnnity is force to be reckoned with. It has chal-lenged the executive during and after martial law, it has de-fined efforts to restrict court jurisdiction, it has compelled justiciability of fundamental rights, it has forced abrogation of several restrictive enactments. Is this law as an impendi-ment to political development? Is this misallocation of scarce resources in the system? Is this unproductive use of non-productive man-power? On the contrary, it seems to us that this is the ve1y genius of political development."

1'1ichacl Hager, after quoting Prof. Brabanti, coinmcnts (in his artick in the American Bar Association Journal, Janua1y 1972, Vol. 58. on The Role of Lawyers in Developing Countries'). :

"The legal profession has uniqnc opportunity to effect change from within the political elite, to exert pressure from without and to win over the general public to development policies. Aud as Mihaly and Nelson observed with respect to legal education, 'law graduates usually fan out not only into legal practice but also into responsible positions in busi-ness, government and politics':'

to effect

The Bar is not private guild, like that of 'barbers, butchers and candlestick-makers' but, by bold contrast, public institution com-mitted to public justiee and pro bo110 publico service. The grant of [1 monoply licence to practice law is based on three assumptions : (I) There is socially useful function for the lawyer to perform. (2) TI1c lawyer is professional person who will perform that function, and (3) His performance as professional perso11 is. regulated by himself ~nd more formally, by the profession as whole. The central function

that the legal profession must perfo1m is nothing less than the adminis-tration of justice ('The Practice of Law is Public Utility'-'The Law-ycr, The Public and Professional Responsibility' by F. Raymond Marks et al-Chicago American Bar Foundation, 1972, p.288-289). glance at the functions of the Bar Council, and it will be apparent that rainbow of public utility duties, including legal aid to the poor, is cast on these bodies in the national hope that the members of this mono-B poly will serve society and keep to canons of ethics befitting an honour-able order. If pathological cases of member misbehaviour occur, the reputation and credibility of the Bar suffer mayhem and who, but the Bar Council, is more concerned with and sensitive to this potential disrepute the few black sheep bring about? The official heads of the Bar i.c:, the Attorney General and the Advocates•General too are dis-tressed if lawyer 'stoops to conquer' by resort to soliciting, louting and other corrnpt practices .

I may now refer to A. P. Gmulhi v. H. M. Seervai('[1]) where diver-gent opinions were delivered but all concurred irl treating the Bar Coun-cil as an 'aggrieved person'. The earlier decision iu Bilataraju(2) strikes note in consonance with this view. No hesitancy inhibits me from hazarding the opinion that the social canvas must be spread wide when making out the profile of statute like the Advocates Act for the good reason that the Bar has share in being the sentinel on the qui vive when the legal dykes of right and justice are breached by authoritarianism. or citizen-wrong doing. Nor do I conceal my half-horror at any professional tribunal glossing over 'snatching briefs' and 'dragging clicnts'-providcd they are proved-as less than gross mis-conduct. If the salt lose their savour, wherewith shall they be salted? However, I hasten to make it plain, to avoid prejudice to the parties, that I totally desist from pronouncing on the merits of the evidence in this case.

One more point. case of professional misconduct is not Its in the British sense nor case and controversy in the American mean-ing. . ~t is ::Jeu~lic investigation about misconduct by o!1e belonging to public pr ession where, every member of the Bar with reputation to lose has stake and every one concerned with the justice adminis-tration is interested. Traditionally used to the adversary system, we search for individual persons aggrieved. But new class of litigation--public inter.est litigation-where section or whole of the community is involved (such as consumers' organisations or NAACP-National Association for Advancement of Coloured People-in America), emerg-es. In developing country like ours, this pattern of public-oriented litigation better fulfils the rule of law if it is to run close to the rule of life. The Bar Council clearly comes within this category of organisa-tions when lawyer is involved. · .

l derive support for this philosophy of approach from academic and judicial opinion in England and America. question arose whe-H ther railroad company-BAR (Bangor and Aroostook Railroad)-could bring an action against the stockholders for having drained BAR

improperly. Although an academic critic took the view that the Dist-rict Court was incorrect in its view that BAR was the 'sole beneficiary', he .went on to state that the public's interest in the financial health of BAR provided separate interest in bringing the action. The learn-ed author wrote :

of BAR provided separate interest in bringing the action. The learn-"It would seem to be incontestable that the public has very n real interest in rail roads. Railroads have been found vital to healthy national economy; any such factor must priori, be deemed potent component of the public welfare. As • such, it is evident that financially healthy railroad is of con-"-,. cern not only to its stockholders, but to the public as well .... Finding that the management of railroad has obligations • running to the public as well as fiduciary duties owing to the corporation's stockholders, the Court concluded that, of these • two responsibilities, the public interest is paramount. "It must be remembered," the Court cautioned, "that railways are public corporations organized for public purposes ... They 1 primarily owe duties to the public of higher nature . .,.. \' even than that of earning large dividends for their sharehold-crs." T [) (Review by James F. Simon of Bangor & Aroostook R. R. v. Bangor Punta Operations, Inc (Bangor & Aroostook), 482 F.2d 865 (1st Cir. 1973), cert. granted, 94 S.Ct. 863 (1974) Columbia Law Review Vol. 74 No. 3, April 1974-p. 528 at pp. 531-532). Similarly, the American Supreme Court relaxed from the restrictive attitude towards 'standing' in pub1ic action in Baker v. Carr (369 U.S. 186 (1962), vide Maryland Law Review, Vol. XXXIII 1973 p. 506: ~ "In Baker, voters challenged the failure of the Tennessee legislature to reapportion itself since 1901; the plaintiffs lived in countries which had become under-represented under the in countries which had become under-represented under the t' •old Jaw. The Supreme Court held that these voters had the requisite standing to challange the inaction of the legislature. The Court expanded the notion of direct injury to include mere 'debasement' of vote, rather than the total deprivation which had previously been required." . (; "" .. American jurisprudence has recognised, for instance, the expanding impprtance of consumer protection in the economic system and per-on~anisations to initiate or intervene in . actions, by the narrow rule of 'locus sta11di', . such course could not such course could not have been justified (see p. 807-New York University Law Review, 46, 1971). In fact, citizen organisations have recently been

Similarly, the American Supreme Court relaxed from the restrictive attitude towards 'standing' in pub1ic action in Baker v. Carr (369 U.S. 186 (1962), vide Maryland Law Review, Vol. XXXIII 1973 p. 506: "In Baker, voters challenged the failure of the Tennessee legislature to reapportion itself since 1901; the plaintiffs lived in countries which had become under-represented under the in countries which had become under-represented under the old Jaw. The Supreme Court held that these voters had the requisite standing to challange the inaction of the legislature. The Court expanded the notion of direct injury to include mere 'debasement' of vote, rather than the total deprivation which had previously been required." .

American jurisprudence has recognised, for instance, the expanding impprtance of consumer protection in the economic system and per-mitted consumer on~anisations to initiate or intervene in . actions, althou!Jh by the narrow rule of 'locus sta11di', . such course could not such course could not have been justified (see p. 807-New York University Law Review, Vol. 46, 1971). In fact, citizen organisations have recently been campaip;ning for usin!l' legal actions for protection of community inter-est, broadening the scope of 'standing' in legal proceedings (see p.403-Boston University Law Review, Vol. 51, 1971). In the well-known case of Attorney-General of the Gambia v. Pierra Sarr N.'Jie(I), Lord Denning observed about the Attorney-General's standing thus :

" ... The worM 'person aggrieved' are of wide import and should not be subjected to restrictive interpretation. They do not include, of course, mere busy body who is interfering n in things which do not concern him; but they do include person who has genuine grievance because an order has been made which prejudicially affects his interests. Has the Attorney-General sufficient interest for this purpose ? Their Lordships think that he has. The Attorney Genera] in colony represents the Crown as the gu,ardian of the public interest. It is his duty to bring before the judge any mis-c conduct of barrister or solicitor which is of sufficient gravity to warrant disciplinary action."

Ray, J (as he then was) crystallised this ratio in .P. Gandhi (supra) thus : ·

"The Judicial Committee construed the words 'person aggriev-0 ed' to include the Attorney General of Gambia as represent-ing the public interest.'.'

(p.927)

'"The profession touches the public on the one hand and the courts on the other. On no other basis could the presence of the Advocate General be explained."

(p. 928)

Although not strictly confined to 'standing' with reference to suits . .iurists have thrown some light on this subject. Professor S.A. de Smith has observed :

"All developed legal systems have had to face t11c problem of adjusting conflicts between two aspects of the public inter-est-the desirability of encouraging individual citizens to parti-cipate actively in the enforcement of the law, and the undes· irability of encouraging the professional litigant and the meddlesome interloper to invoke the jurisdiction of the courts in matters that do not concern him."

(Quoted in 'Standing and Justiciability' by V. S. Deshpande--Journal of the Indian Law Institute-April-June 1971-Vol. 13, No. 2, p. 174)

Professor H.W.R. Wade has observed :

"In other words, certiorari is not confined by narrow con-ception of locus standi. It contains an element of the actio

(!) [1961] A, C. 617.

popularis. This is because it Jooks beyond the personal rights of the applicant; it is designed to keep the machinery of justice in proper wlorking order by preventing inferior tribunals and public authorities from abusing their powers." (Standing and Justiciability-iNd, p. 175) The possiblo apprehension that widening fogal standing with public connotation may unloose flood of litigation which may overwhelm the judges is misplaced because public resort to court to suppress pub-lic mischief is tribute to the justice system. In this very case, tu grant an exclusionary windfall 011 the respondents is to cripple the Bar Council in its search for justice and insistence on standards. I have been long on short point, but brcvily, where there is some-thing to speak. is not the soul of wit but sign of something diffor-c l'nt. P.13.R.