MOHAMMAD GIASUDDIN versus STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

MOHAMMAD GIASUDDIN

STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

May 6, 1977

(V. R. KRISHNA IYER AND JASWANT SINGH, JJ.J

Criminal Procedure Code 1973-Sec. 248(2)-The new pre-sentencing pro-vision-Punishment-Nature and object of-Reformative punishment-Proba-tion--Parole.

The appellant along with another accused deceived several desperate un-employed youngmen, received various sums of Rs. 1200 by false pretences that they would secure jobs for them through politically influential friends and other mate-believe representations. The offence of cheating under -s. 420 IPC was made out and all the 3 courts concurrently convicted both the accused. The appellant was sentenced to 3 years rigorous imprisonment. The appellant is an unemployed youngman around 28 years old and used to work as Junior Assis-tant in the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat. This Court granted special leave Jimited to the question of sentence.

Allowing the appeal partly,

HELD : (I) The pre-sentencing prov1510n in s. 248 (2) Cr. P. C. has penological significance of far-reaching import which has been lost on the trial magistrate. Reform of the black letter law is time-lagging process. At all the three tiers the focus was on the serious nature of the crime and no ray of light on the criminal or on the pertinent variety of social facts surrounding him penetrated the forensic mentation. [153 D, E]

(2) Since the whole territory of punishment in its modern setting is virtuaUy virgin so far as our country is concerned, the court went into the subject in some incisive depth for the guidance of the subordinate judiciary. [155 G]

(3) Progressive criminologists in the world agree that the Gandhian diag-nosis of offenders as patients and his conception of, prisons as .hospitals-mental and moral-is the key to the pathology of delinquency and the thefapeutic role of punishment. The whole man is healthy man and every man is born good. Criminality is curable deviance. If every saint has past every sinner has future and it is the role of la\v to remind both of this. [155 B-C]

( 4) Man is subject to more stresses and strains in this age than ever before and new class of crimes arising from restlessness of the spirit and frustration of ambitions has erupted. White collar crime, as in the present cao;e, belongs to this disease of man's inside. Barbarity and injury recoils as injury so that if healing the mentally or morally maimed or malformed man is the goal, awakening the inner being more than torturing through exterior compulsions, ho1ds out better curative hopes. The infliction of harsh and savage punishment i!I thus relic of past and regressive times. Today sentencing should be pro-cess of re-shaping person who has deteriorated into criminality and the modern community has primary stake in the rehabilitation of the offender as means of social defence. Therefore, therapeutic. rather than terrorem outlook should prevail in our criminal courts. [156 E, H, 157 C-D]

Teiani AIR 1974 S 228, 236; lagmohan Singh AIR 1973 SC 947 and Santa Singh [1976] 4 SCC 190, referred to.

(~) There is great discretion vested in the judge while imposing sentence. The Judge must exercise this discretionary powe.r, draw his inspiration from the humanitarian spirit of the law 1iving down the traditiona1 precedents which · have winked at the personality of the crime doer and been swept away by the features of the crime. Unfortunately, the Indian Penal Code still lingers in the somewhat compartmentalised system of punishment viz., imprisonment,

simple .or rigorous,. fine and, of cou~e, capital sentence. There is wide range ?f choice aitd flexible treatment which must b~ available with the Judge if he 18 to fulfil his tryst with curing the criminal in hospital setting. Rule of thumb sentences of rigorous imprisonment or other are too insensitive to the highly delicate and subtle operation expected of sentencing judge. Release on probation, conditional sentences, visits to healing centres, are all on the carda. [161 E-H 162 Al (6) In the present case the crime is doubly bad and throws light on how :ullible youngmen part with hard earned money in the hope that political influence indirectly purchased through money can secure jobs obliquely. But the victims of the crime must be commisserated with and in such white collar offences it is proper to insist upon reparation of the victims apart from any other sentence. The Court, therefore, directed the appellant to pay fine of Rs. 1200/- which was directed to be made over by the Trial Court to P.W. 1 who was victim in the present case. [162 B--FGl (7) The appellant is youngman of 28 years. He has degree in Oriental Languages and another in Commerce. He was working as Junior Assistant in the Government Secretariat and has now lost the post consequent on the conviction. This is hard lesson in life. The socio-economic circumstances of the man deserve notice. His parents are old and financially weak. His parents, sisters and younger brothers are his dependents. The younger brother is also onemployed. These factors suggest that the economic blow, if the appellant is imprisoned for long, will be upon his brother at College and other members of bis family. He had not comm!tted any previous crime. The court rejected the prayer of the appellant for release on probation on the ground that the appellant had deliberate plan behind the crime operated in partnership upon 4 or more persons and that his age is such that he cannot be called immature. The court, however, reduced the sentence to 18 months. The court also recom-mended that : I (a) he should not be given work of monotonous, mechanical, degrading type, but of mental, intellectual or lite type mixed with little manual labour. This would ensure that the per-son does work more or less of the kind he used to;

(b) the appellant must be paid reasonable fraction of remuneration by way of wages for the work done, as unpaid work is bonded labour and humiliating;

(c) the appellant should be allowed to participate in sports and game1. and take to artistic activity and/or meditational course. He should be giv:en such opportunities by the Jail &.uthoritics as would stimulate his creativity and sensitivity.

(d) guarded parole release every 3 months for at least week. [162 H, 163 A-El

Humanitarian winds must blow into the prison barricades. Jail reforms from abolition of convict's constume and conscript labour to restoration and fraternal touch, are on the- urgent agenda of the nation. Our prisons should be correctional houses, and not cruel iron aching the soul. [164 C]

The court observed that the State should not hesitate to respect the persona-lity in each convict in the spirit of the prearnble to the Constitution and not to permit the colonial hang-over of: putting people behind the bars and then forget about th<m. [164 Fl R. v. King [1970] (2) All, E.R. 248 and R. v. lronfield [1971) (1) All E.R. 202, referred to. CRIMINAL' Al'PllLLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 195 of 1977.

Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 25-10-1976 of the Audhra Pradesh High Court in Cr!. R., Case No. 660 of 1970 and Cr!. R.P. No. 646 of 1976.

--\......,

G. Venkatrama Sastry and G. Narasinhulu for the Appellant.

P. Parameswara Rao and G. Narayana Rao for Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

KRISHNA IYBR, J.-Some basic issues bearing on prescription of punishments arise for judicial investigation .in this criminal appeal where leave has been limited to tailoring the sentence by appellate review to fit the gravity of the delinquency and the redemption of the deviant ..

The facts leading up to the conviction may need brief narration. The appellant, along with another accnsed, deceived several desperate unemployed yonng men, received various snms of Rs. 1200/-by false pretences that they would secnre jobs for them through politi-cally influential friends and other make-believe representations. The offence of cheating under section 420 IPC was made out and convic-tion of both the accused followed. The 1st accused (appellant be-fore us) is young man around 28 years old and works as Junior Assistant in the Planning and Financial Department of the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat and the other accused is his friend who personated as State Port Officer. Before the trial court, there was formal, almost pharisaic, fulfilment ·of the pre-sentencing provision in section 248 (2) Cr. P. C. 1973. The opportunity contemplated in the sub-sectiOn has penological significance of far-reaching import, which has been lost on the trial Magistrate. For he disposed of this benignant obligation by brief ritual :

"I made of the a_ccused that they were found guilty und_er section 420 IPC and the punishment contemplated thereof."

Reform of the black letter law is time-lagging process. But judicial metabolism is sometimes slower to assimilate the spiritual substance of creative ideas finding their way into the statute book. This may explain why the appellate courts fell in line with the Magistrate's mechanical approach and confirmed the condign punish-ment of 3 years' rigorous imprisonment. At all the three tiers the f,ocus was on the serious nature of the crime (cheating of young men by government servant and his blackguardly companion) and no ray of light on the 'criminal' or on the pertinent variety of social facts, surrounding him penetrated the forensic mentation. The humane art of sentencing remains 'a retarded child of the Indian criminal system.

Now we enter the area of punitive treatment of criminals, as-suming that the guilt has been brought home. Certain elemental factors are 'significant strands of criminological thougbt. Since the whole territory of punishment in its modem setting is virtually virgin ~o far as our country is concerned, we may as well go into the sub-ject in some incisive depth for the guidance of the subordinate judi-ciary. The subject of study takes us to our cultural heritage that there is divinity in every man which has been translated into the ll-722SCI/77.

constitutional essence of the dignity and worth of the human person. We take the liberty of making an Indian approach and then strike COS!lllc note.

Pr~gressive criminologists across the world will agree that the G~dh1an diagnosis of o!lenders at patients and his conception o:ll prisons as hosp1tals-mental and .moral-is the key to the pathology· of dehnquency and the therapeul!c role of 'punishment' The whole man 1s healthy man and every man is born good. Criminality is curab'le deviance. The morality of the Jaw may vary, but is real. The basic goodness of all human beings is spiritual axiom, fall-out of the advaita of cosmic creation and the spring of correctional thought in criminology. If every saint has past, every sinner has future, and it is thtl role of law to remind both of this. The Indian legal genius of old has made healthy contribution to the world treasury of criminology. The drawback of our criminal process is that oiten they are built on the bricks of impressionist opinions and dated values, ignoring empirical studies and deeper researches. India, like every other country, has its own crime complex and dilemma of punishment. Solutions to tangled social issues do not come like the crack of down but are the . product of research and study, oriented on the founding faiths of society and driving towards that transformation which is the goal of free India. Man is subject t<i more stresses and strains in this age than ever before, and new class of crimes arising from restlessness oi the spirit and frustration of ambiti0rrs has erupted. White-collar crime, with which we are concerned here, belongs to this disease of man's inside. If the psychic perspective and the spiritual insight we have tried to project is valid, the police billy and the prison drill cannot 'ministe~ to mind diseased', nor tone down the tension, release the repression, unbend the perversion, each of which shows up as debased deviance, violent vice and behavioral turpitude. It is truism, often forgotten in the hidden vendetta in human bosoms, that barbarity breeds bar-barity, and injury recoils as injury, so that if healing the mentally or morally maimed or malformed man (found guilty) is the goal, awakening the inner being, more than torturing through exterior com-pulsions, holds out better curative hopes. An aside. holistic view of sentencing and finer perception of the effect of imprisonment give short shrift to draconian severity as · self-defeating and fillips meditational relaxation, psychic medication and like exercises as apt to be more rewarding. Therefore, the emphasis has to be as much on man as on the system, on the inner imbalance as on the outer tensions. Perhaps the time has come for Indian criminologists to rely more on Patanjali sqtra as scientific curative for crimogenic factors than on the blind jail term set out in the Penal Code and that may be why western researchers are now seeking Indian yogic ways of normalising the individual and the group.

Western jurisdiction and sociologists, from their own angle have struck like note. Sir Samual Romilly, critical of the brutal penal-ties in the then. Britain, said m 1817 : "'1 he laws of England are written in blood". Alfieri has suggested : 'society prepares the crime, the criminal commits it. George Micodotis, Director of Criminolo-gicaLResearch Centre, Athens, Greece, maintains that 'Crime is the result ol the lack of the nght kind of education.' It is thus plain that. crime is pathological aberra!Ion, that the criminal can oramarily be redeemed, that the State has to rehabilitate rather than avenge. The sub-culture that leads to anti-social behaviour has to be countered not by undue cruelty but by re-culturisation. Therefore, the focus of interest in penology is the individual, and goal is salvaging him for society. The infliction of harsh and savage punishment is thus relic of past and regressive times. The human today views sentenc-ing as process of reshaping person who has deteriorated into criminality and the modern community has primary stake in the rehabilitation of the offender as means of social defense. We, therefore consider therapeutic, rather than an in 'terrorem' outlook, should prevail in our criminal courts, since brutal incarceration of the person merely produces laceration of his mind. In the words of George Bernard Shaw : 'If you are to punish man retributively, you must injnre him. If you. are to reform him, you must improve him and, men are not improved by injuries'. We may permit ourselves the liberty to quote from Judge Sir Jeoffrey Streatfield : 'If you are going to have anything to do with the criminal courts, you should see for yourseli the conditions under which prisoners serve their senten-ces.' In the same strain British Buddhist-Christian Judge, speak-ing to BBC reporter underscored the role of compa~sion :

"Circuit Judge Christmas Humphreys told the BBC reporter recently that judge looks 'at the man in the dock in different way : not just criminal to be punished, but fellow human being, another form of life who is also f.orm of the same one life as oneself.' In the context of karuna and punishment for karma the same Judge said : 'The two things are not incompatible. You do punish him for what he did, but you bring in quality of what is some-times called mercy, rather than an emotional hate against the man for doing something harmful. You feel with him; that is what compassion means:'

The Listener, November 25, 1976, p. (692)

Incidentally, we may glance at the prison system which leaves much to be desired in the sense of humanizing and reforming the man we call criminal.

leaves

Jimmy Carter, currently President of the United States and not law man, made certain observations in his Law Day Speech to the University of Georgia while he was Governor of that State, which bear quotation :

"In our prisons, which in the past have been disgrace to Georgia, we've tried to make substantive changes in the

[1978] 1 S.C.R.

quality oil those who administer them and to put new realm of understanding and hope and compassion into the administration of that portion of the system of justice. Ninety-five percent of those who are presently incarcerated in prisons will be returned to be our neighbors. And now the thrust of the entire program, as initiated under Ellis Mac Dougall and now continued under Dr. Ault, is to try to discern in the soul of each convicted and sentenced person, redeeming features that can be enhanced. We plan career for that person to be pursued while he is in prison. I believe that the early data that we have on recidivism rates indicates the efficacy of what we've done."

In the light of what we propose to do, in disposing of this appeal, another observation of Jimmy Carter in the course of the same speech is relevant :

"Well, I don't know the theory of law, but there is one other point 1 want to make, just for your own consideration. I think we've made great progress in the Pardons and Paroles Board since I've been in Office and since we've reorganized the Goyernment. We have five very enligh-D tened people there now. And on occasion they go out to the prison system to interview the mmates, to decide whether or not they are worthy to be released after they serve one third of their sentence. I think most jurors and most judges feel that when they give the sentence, they know that after third of the sentence has gone by, they will be eligible for careful consideration. Just think for moment abont your own son or your own father or your own daughter being in prison, having served seven years of lif.etime term and being considered for release. Don't you think that they ought to be examined and that the pardons and Paroles Board ought to look them in the eye and ask them ques-tion and if they are turned down, ought to give them some substantive reason why they are not released and what they can do to correct their defects ?'".

We have dealt with the subject sufficienty to set the humanitarian tone that must inform the sentencing judge, the Karuna that must line bis verdict. The same compassionate outlook is reflected in some of the decision of this Court and of the High Courts indicating the distance between current penal strategy and Hammurabi's Code. which, in about 1975 B.C., insited 'on an eye for an eye, tooth for tooth'.

Referring to the earlier Criminal Procedure Code and its defici-ency in regard to sentencing, this Court observed in Tejani (AIR 197 4 SC 228, 236) :

"Finally comes the post-conviction stage where the cur-rent criminal system is weakest. The Court's approach has at once to be socially informed and personalised. Unfor-tunately, the meaningful collection and presentation of

the penological facts bearing on the background of the indi-vidual, the dimension of damage, the social milieu and what not-these are not provided in the Code and we have to make intelligent hunches on the basis of materials adduced to prove guilt. In this unsatisfacfory situation which needs legislative remedying we go by certain broad features."

Similarly, in Jagmohan Singh (AIR 1973 SC 947) : 1973 (2) SCR 541,560 this Court observed :

"The sentence follows the conviction, and it is true that no formal procedure for producing evidence with reference to the sentence is specifically provided. The reason is that relevant facts and circumstances impinging on tbe nature and circumstances of the crime are already before the Court. Where counsel addresses the court with regard to the charac-ter and standing of the accused, they are duly considered by the Court unless there is something in the evidence itself which belies him or the Public Prosecutor for the State chal-lenges the facts. If the matter is relevant and is essential to be considered, there is nothing in the Cr. P. C. which pre-vents additional evidence being taken. It must however be sta(ed that it is not the experience of criminal courts in India that the accused with view to obtaining reduced sentence ever offers to call additional evidence.

However, it is necessary to emphasize that the Court is broadly concerned with the facts and circumstances whether aggravating or mitigating, which are connected with the parti-cular crime under enquiry. All such facts and circum-stances are capable of being proved in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Evidence Act in trial regulated by the Cr. P.C. The trial thus does not come to an end until all the relevant facts are proved and the counsel on both sides have an opportunity to address the court. ..... "

The Kerala High Court, in Shiva Prasad (1969 Ker. L.T. 862) had also something useful to say in this regard :

"Criminal trial in our country ·is largely devoted only to finding out whether the man in the dock is guilty. It is major deficiency in the Indian system of criminal trials that the complex but important sentencing factors are not given sufficient emphasis and materials are not presented before . the court to help it for correct judgment in the proper per -sonalised, punitive treatment suited to the offender and the crime ... , .... "

. Likewise, Shri ~us~ce Dua (as he then was) of the Punjab High Court _h_ad . md1cated ~he guidelines on the application of the rehab1lttat1ve theory m Lekharaj & Ors v. State (AIR 1960 Punjab 482) where the learned Judge had pointed out the relevance of the offender's circumstances and social milieu, apart

from the daring and reprehensible nature of the offence. The Law Commission of India (in 47th Report) has summed up the com-ponents of proper sentence :

"A proper sentence is composite of many factors, in-cluding the nature of the offence,, the circumstances-extenuating or aggravating-of the offence, the prior crimi-B nal record, if any, of the offender, the age of the offender, the professional and social record of the offender, the background of the offender with reference to education, home life, sobriety and social adjustment, the emotional and mental condition of the offender, the prospect for the re-habilitation of the offender, the possibility of return ot the offender to normal life in the community, the possibility of treatment or of training <ll: the offender, the possibility that the sentence may serve as deterrent to crime by this offender, or by others, and the present community need, if MY for such deterrent in respect to the particular type of offence involved." (para 7.44) All that we have said upto now emphasize,> the need on the part of the judges to see that sentencing ceases to be downgraded to Cinderella status.

The new Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 incorporates some of> these ideas and gives an opportunity in s. 248(2) to both parties to bring to the notice of the court facts and circumstances which will help personalize the sentence from reformative angle. This Conrt, in Santa Singh (1976) 4 SCC 190, has emphasized how fundamental it is to put such provision to dynamic judicial use, while dealing with the analogous provisions in s. 235(2) : "This new provision ins. 235(2) is in consonance with the modern trends in penology and sentencing procedures. There was no such provision in the old Code. It was realised that sentencing is an important stage in the process of administration of criminal justice-as important as the adjudication of guilt-and it should not be consigned to subsidiary position as if it were matter of not much con-sequence. It should be matter of some anxiety to the court to impose an appropriate punishment on the criminal and sentencing should, therefore, receive serious attention pf the Court. (p. 194).

Modern penology regards crime and criminal as equally material when the right sentence has to be picked out. It turns the focus not only on the crime, but also on the crimi-nal and seeks to personalise the punishment so that the re-fonnist component is as much operative as the deterrent element. It is necessary for this purpose that facts of social and personal nature, sometimes altogether irrelevant if not injurious, at the stage of fixing the guilt, may have to be brought to the notice of the court when the actual sen-tence is determined. (p. 195). proper sentence is the amalgam of many factors such as the nature of the offence, the circumstances extenuating oi aggravating--0f the offence, the prior criminal record, if any, of the offender, the age of the offender, the record of the offender as to employment, the background of the offender with reference to education, home life, 5obriety and social adjustment, the emotional and mental condition of the offender, the prospects for the rehabilitation of the offender, the possibility of return of the offender to normal life in the community, the possibility of treatment or train-ing of the offender, the possibility that the sentence may serve as deterrent to crime by the offender or by others and the current community need, if any, for such deter-rent Ill respect to the particular type of offence. These factors have to be taken into account by the Court in decid-ing upon the appropriate sentence. (p. 195).

The hearing contemplaced by section 235(2) is not con-fined merely to hearing oral submissions, but it is also inten-ded to give an opportunity to the prosecution and the ac-cused to place before the court facts and material relating to various factors bearing on the question of sentence and if they are contested by other side, then to produce evidence for the purpose of establishing the same. Of courre, care would have to be taken by the court to see that this hear-ing on the question of sentence is not abused and turned into an instrument for unduly protracting the proceedings. · The claim of due and proper hearing would have to be harmonised with the requirement of expeditious disposal of proceedings." (p. 196).

It will thus be seen that there is great" discretion vested in the Judge, especially when pluralistic factors enter his calculations Even so, the judge must exercise this discretionary power, drawing his inspiration from the humanitarian spirit of the law, and living down the traditional precedents which have winked at the personality of the crime doer and been swept away by the features of the crime. What is dated has to be discarded. What is current has to be in-corporated. Therefore innovation, in all conscience, is in the field of judicial discretion. Unfortunately, the Indian Penal Code still lingers in the somewhat compartmentalised system of [1 ]punishment viz. imprisonment, simple or rigorous, fine and, of course, capital sentence. There is wide range of choice and flexible treatment which must be avail-able with the judge if he is to fulfil his tryst with cruing the criminal in hospital setting. Maybe in an appropriate case actual hospital treatment may have to be prescribed as part of the sentence. In another case, liberal parole may have to be suggested and, yet in third category, engaging in certain types of occupation 01: even going through me<litational drills or other courses may be part of the senten-. cing prescription. The perspective having changed, the legal strate-gies and judicial resources, in their variety, also have to change. Rule

of thumb sentences of rigorous imprisorment or other are too insensi-tive to the highly delicate and subtle operation expected of sentenc-ing judge. Release on probation, conditional sentences, visits to healing centres, are all on the cards. We do not wish to be exham-tive. Indeed, we cannot be.

Sentencing justice is facet of social justice, even as redemption of crime-doer is an aspect of restoration of whole personality. Till the new Code recognised statutorily that punishment required consi- · derations beyond the nature of the crime and circumstances surround-i.ng the crime and provided second stage for bringing in such addi-tional materials, the Indian courts bad, by and large, assigned an ob-solescent backseat to the sophisticated judgment on sentencing. Now this judicial skill bas to come of age.

The sentencing stance of the court bas been outlined by us and the next question is what 'hospitalization' techniques will best serve and sentencee, having due regard to bis just deserts, blending feeling for man behind the crime, defence of society by deterrent com-ponent and scientific therapeutic attitude at once correctional and realistic. The available resources for achieving these ends within the prison campus also has to be considered in this context. Noticing the scant regard paid by the courts below to the soul of s. 248 (2) of the Code and compelled to gather information having sentencing re-levancy, we permitted counsel on both sides in the present appeal to file affidavits and other materials to help the Court make jt1diciom choice of the appropriate 'penal' treatment. Both sides have filed affidavits which disclose some facts pertinent to the project.

We have earlier mentioned that the social abhorrence of the crime is an input, since the emphatic denunciation of crime by the com-munity must be reflected. in the punishment. From this angle we agree with the trial court that unconscionable exploitation of unfor-tunately unemployed 'young men by heartless deception, compounded by pretension to political influence, calls for punitive severity to serve as deterrent. The crime here is doubly bad and throws light on how gullible young men part with hard money in the hope that political influence, indirectly purchased through money, can secure jobs obli-quely. But then the victims of the crime must be commisserated with and in such white-collar offences it is proper to insist upon re-paration of the victims, apart from any other sentence. In the pre;-sent case, four young men have been wheedled out of their little for-tunes by two convicts and so, to drive home sense of moral responsi-bility to repair the injury inflicted, we think it right to direct the air pe!lant to pay fine of Rs. 1200/- which will be made over by the trial court to P.W.1 (whose case alone is the subject of the prosecution) under section 357 of the Code. That is to say, fine of Rs. 1200/-is imposed will be paid over to the aforesaid P.W.l.

What are the other circumstances which we may look into ? The appellant is young man of 28 years. He has degree in Bachelor of Oriental Languages and another in Commerce, which suggests that he may respond to new cultural impact. He was working as Junior

post

Assistant in the Government Secretariat and has now Jost the post consequent on, the conviction. This is hard lesson in life. The socio-economic circumstances of the man deserve to be noticed. His parents are old and financially weak, .since. they and the appellant's sisters and younger brother are his dependents. The younger brother also is unemployed. These factors suggest that the economic blow, if the appellant is imprisoned for long, will be upon his brother at College and the other members of his family. Extenuation is implicit in this facl He prays for release on probation or under s. 360 of the Code because he has no blemish by way of previous crime or bad official record. Having regard to his age (not immature) and the deliberate plan behind the crime operated in partnership upon four-perhaps more-persons, we reject his request as over-ambitious. At the same time, con-c trite convict, yet in his twenties, may deserve clement treatment just reduction of the sentence is justified and we think that incarcera-tion for 18 months may be adequate. But this long period has to be converted into spell of healing spent in an intensive care ward of the penitentiary, if we may say so figuratively. How can this be achieved ? First, by congenial work which gives job satis!action-not jail frustration, nor further criminalisation. We therefore direct the State Government to see that within the framework of the Jail Rules, the appellant is assigned work not of monotonous, mechani-cal, degrading type, but of mental, intellectual, or like type mixed with little manual labour(!). This will ensure that the prisoner does work more or less of the kind he is used to. The jail, certainly, must be able to find this kind of work for him, even on its own administra-.tive side-under proper safeguards though.

Shri PP Rao, appearing for the State, assures us that in keeping with this constructive suggestion of the Court the jail authorities will assign to the appellant congenial work of mental-cum-manual type and promote him to an officer-warder's position if his conduct is good. We have also made the suggestion that the appellant must be paid reasonable faction of remuneration by . way of wages for the work done, since unpaid work is bonded labour and humiliating. This amount may be remitted to his lather once in three months. Shri Rao, on behalf of the State Government, has assured the Court that immediate consideration will be given to this idea by the State Go-vernment and the iail authorities.

We also think that the appellant has slipped into crime for want of moral fibre. If competent Jail Visitors could organise for him processes which will instil into him sense of ethics it may help him become better man. Self-expression and self-realisation have curative effect. Therefore, any sports and games, artistic activity ----:-::-,------,----

----:-::-,------,----(1) Says Gandhiji in Harijan : Feb. 6, 1947 "Intellectual work. is. i~portant ~nd has an undoubted place in the scheme of life. But what I insist on is the necessity of physical labour. No man, I claim, ought to be free from that obligation; it wi11 serve to improve even the quality of his in .. te11ectual output".

and/ or meditational course, may also reform. We strongly recom-mend that the appellant be given such opportunities by the jail authori-ties as wi'il stimulate his creativity and 5ensitivity. In this connec-tion we may even refer to proven advantages of kindling creative intelligence and normalising inner imbalance reportedly accomplished by· Transcendental Meditation (TM) propagated by Maharshi Maheiih Yogi in many countries in the west. Research projects conducted in various countries bring out that people practising such or like courses change their social behaviour and, reduce their crime-proneness. We do not prescribe anything definite but indicate what the prison doctors may hopefully consider. While it is beyond us to say whether the present facilities inside the Central Prison, Hyderabad, make it feasi-ble for the appellant to enjoy these benefits and thereby improve his inner being, we strongly feel that the humanitarian winds must blow into the prison barricades. More than this is expected in this decade, when jail reforms, from abolition of convict's costume and conscript labour to restoration of basic companionship and atmosphere of self-respect and fraternal touch, are on the urgent agenda of the nation. Our prisons should be correctional houses, not cruel iron aching the soul We have given thought to another humanising strategy, viz., guarded parole release every three months for at least week, punc-tuating the total prison term. We direct the State Government to extend this parole facility to the appellant, Jail Rules permitting, and the appellant submitting to conditions of discipline and initiation into an uplifting exercise during the parole interval. We further direct the Advisory Board of the Prison, periodically to check whether the appel-lant is maki:1g progress and the Jail au ho tit es are help.ng in the pro-E cess and implementing the prescription hereinabove given: Indeed, the direction of prison reform is not towards dehumanization but rehumanization, nbt maim and mayhem -and vulgar callousness but man-making experiments designed to restore the dignity of the indi-vidual and the worth of the human person. This majuscule strategy involves orientation courses for the prison personnel. The State will not hesitate, we expect, to respect the personality in each convict, in the spirit of the Preamble to the Constitution and will not permit tl>e colo-nial hangover of putting people 'behind the bars' and then forget about them. This nation cannot-and, if it remembers its incarcerat-ed leaders and freedom fighters-will not but revolutionize the condi-tions inside that grim little world. We make these persistent obser-vations only to drive home the imperative of Freedom-tho! its deprivation, by the State. is val;dated only by plan to make the sen-G tencee more worthy of that birthright. There is spiritual dimension to the first page of our Constitution wh'ch projects into penology. Indian courts may draw inspiration from Patanjali sutra even as they derive punitive patterns from the Penal Code (most of Indian medita-tional therapy is based on the sutras of Patania/i).

Before we close this judgment we wish to dispel possible mis-apprehension about the fine we are imposing upon the cheat although we have proceeded on the footing of his family being relatively indi-gent. The further direction for making over the fine to the der.eivees also needs small explanation.

There is nothing in principle, as Lord Parker pointed out in R. V. King (1970 2 All. E. R. 248) to prevent court from imposing fine even when. imposing suspended sentence of imprisonment. 'Indeed, in many cases it is quite good thing to impose fine which adds sting .. .' of course, the fine should not be altogether beyond the · sentences means.

As to whether it is wrong to make sort of compensation orderl in case of convicted person without much means, again, Lord Parker in R. V. lronfield (1971 1 All. E. R. 202) has observed :

"If man takes someone else's property or goods, he is liable in Law to make restitution, or pay compensation ... victim. . . . need not be put to the additional trouble and expense of independent proceedings, and certainly cannot be required to forego his rights in order to facilitate the rehabi-litation of the man who has despoiled him."

Counsel for the appellant has repeated that his· client is taking examination in Accountancy--an indication of this anxiety to improve himself. We have no doubt that the jail authorities will afford facili-ties to the appellant to do his last-minutes studies and take the exami-!nation and, for that purpose, allow him to go to any library and the examination hall under proper conditions of security.

The atlidavit on beha)lf of the State indicates that tendency to tum new page is discernible in the appellant and this has to be streng'hened imaginatively by the Jail Superintendent, if need be, by affording him opportunity for initiation into Transcendental Medita-tion courses or like exercises provided the appellant shows an appe-tite in that direction and facilities are available in Hyderabad City.

Shri P. P. Rao, fOl' the State, has represented that the Andhrn Pradesh Government is processing rules for payment of wages to prisoners who work but that it may take few months morei for fina-lisation. It is little surprising that at least two decades or more have been spent in this country after Freedom discussing active programmes of correction although in some States, for Jong years the wage system has been in vogue. Andhra Pradesh State will rise to this civilized norm and, when i~ finalises mies, will take care to see that the wage~ rates are reasonable and not trivial and that retrospective effect will be given to see that at least from October 2, 1976 (the birthday of the Father of the Nation) effect is given to the wage policy.

Shri Sastry, for the appellant, assured the Court that he had been insln;lcted to state that Rs. 1200/- would be paid right away out of the fine imposed.

WifJ allow the ~Ppeal in humanist part, as outlined above, while aflimung the conv1ctlon. More concretely, we direct that (a) the sentence shall be reduced to 18 (eighteen) months, less the period already undergone; (b) our directions, above mentioned regarding parole and assignment of suitable work and payment of ~ages in jail shall be complied with; and (c) the appellant shall pay fine of

[1978] 1 S.C.R.

Rs. 1200/-. We appreciate the services of counsel Shri P. P. Rao in disposing of this appeal justly. We may also mention that Shri G. V. R. Sastry appearing for the appellant has also helped the court towards the same end,

Appeal allowed.