NARENDRA PURSHOTAM UMRAO ETC. versus B. B. GUJRAL & ORS.

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NARENDRA PURSHOTAM UMRAO ETC.

B. B. GUJRAL & ORS.

November 17, 1978

fR. S. SARKARIA, V. D. TULZAPURKAR AND A. P. SEN, JJ.J

Conservation .of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Acti1'ities Act, 1974---S. 3(1)--Scnpe Of-S. 8(b)-ConJtitutional safeguards enibodfrd in Art. 22(5) 1nust he read into S. 8(b).

The :1ppdh1nt \Vas detained under s. 3(1) of the Ccnsc1va:tion of Foreig.n Exchange ~ld Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 with view to prevent him from smuggling goods. Two representations made by him against bis detention \Vere forwarded by the Government to the Advisory Board \vilh its comments. He was later produced before the Advisory Board. On receipt of the Advisory Board's report that there was sufficient ca.use for detention, th.:: order of detention was confirmed by the Government.

The High Court dismissed his petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution. In appeal the appellant challenged the order of detention on the ground that (1) it was in violation of the right guaranteed under Art. 22(5) inasmuch as the Government withheld consideration of the representations made by him ti!I a.fter the hearing by the Ad'.\isory Board, and (2) the impugned order of detcn· tion was bad due to non·applic<!.tion of mind of the detaining authority inasmuch as the facts alleged clearly and distinctly showed that the appeilant did not hi1nself snu1g~le the goods.

Disn!i~sing th<.:: appenl,

HELD: (l)(a) There was no warrant for the submission that the disposal of the representations made by the Government was not in conformity with Art. 22(5) of the Constitution. [319HJ

(b) It is well settled that in case of preventive detention of citizen, ,.<\rt. 22(5) of the Constitution enjoins that the obligation of the appropriate Govern· ri1e~1t to afford the detenu an opportunity to make representation and to con~ sider that representa.tion is distinct from the Government's obligation to con· stitute Board and to communicate the representation, amongst other ma1erials, to tht! HoarJ to ensble it to forn1 its opinion and to 0btain :iUCh opinion. f321EJ

Abdul Karim & Ors. v. State of West Bengal, [1969] 3 SCR 479; Pankaj Kuntor Chakraborty &: Ors. v. State of West Bengal, [1970] 1 SCR 543, Khoirul Haque v. The State of West Bengal W. P. No. 246 of 1969, decided on Septem~ ber 10, 1969, layanarayan Sukut v. State of West BenKal, [1970] 3 SCR 225; Dhurus Kanu v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1975 SC 571; referred to.

(c) The constitutional safeguards embodied in Art. 22(5) must be read into the provisions of s. 8(b) of the Conservation of Foreign fuch<WJ.ge and PreventiQt.1 of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 to prevent any arbitrary executive action. Merely because there is no express provision in s. 8(b) of the Act placing an obligation to forward the representation made by the detcnu along·

with the reference to the Advisory Board unlike the provisions contained in s. 9 of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950 and s. IO of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act, 1971, it ca.nnot be said that there is no obligation. cast 0n the Government to consider the representation made by the detenu befor1~ forwarding it to the Advisory Board. [325C; 322D-E]

'Thaneshwar Singh v. The Union of India & Ors., Cr. W. No. 6 of 1978. decided on September 25, 1978 (Delhi High Court); over-ruied.

(d) When the liberty of the subject is involved, whether it is under the Preventive Detention Act or the Maintenance of Internal Security Act or the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act. it is the bounden duty of the Court to satisfy itself that all the safeguards provided by the law had been scrupulously observed 'ind that, the subject v1as not deprived of his personal liberty otherwise tha·n in accordance wich l<nv. [322F-G]

(e) When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made u':lder any law providing for preventive detention the authority making the order shall, as soon as may be, communicate to such person the ground on which the order had been 1nade and shall afford him the earliest opportunity of making represen-tations against the order. These procedural safeguards are ingrained in our system of judicial interpretation. The power of preventive detention by the Government under the Act is necessarily subject to the limitations enjoined rn; the exercise of such .power by Art. 22{5) of the Con.:.titution. [323A]

Khudfran1 I>as v. The State of West Bengal & 015., AIR 1975 SC 550 referred to.

In the instant case there was no infraction of constitutional safeguards en4 shrined under Art. 22(5) and there was no failure on the part of the Govern-ment to discharge its obligations under that article. Quite clearly the Govern-ment had forwarded the appellant's two representations alongwith its con1ments to the Advisory Board. perusal of the comments of the Government make it clear that the Government had already formed an opinion that the order of detention was in conformity with its powers under the law. It cannot be said that in rejecting the appe11ant's representatioU5 the Government was influenced I., by the views expressed by the Board. At the hearing the Boa.rd had not indi-cated its mind as to whether there \Vas sufficient cause for detention. It is, therefore, irrefutable that the Government had taken decision uninfluenced by what transpired at the hearing before the Board. The matter was dealt with by the Government rut all levels, and the detaining authority had come to an independent conclusion of its own by applying its mind to thz facts and cir-cumstances of the case. [325D4 H]

(2)(a) .The intention of the legislature in enacting s. 3(1) was to treat the smugg1ing of goods and abetting the smuggling of goods as grounds separate and distinct and both are separMe grounds for detention i.e. to take in all such activities which result 'in accomplishment of smuggling of contraband goods. The term 'smuggling' as defined in s. 2(e) of the Act read with s. 2(39) and s. 111 of the Customs Act, is wide enough to include and make liable not only the actual smugglers. but also persons abe,tting the smugg:ing of contra·band goods as V.'ell as all persons dealing with any such goods. wider meaning is given to the term 'smuggling' in s. 2(e) of the Act with view to broaden the scope of preventive detention. In case like the present where wide-

spread network is employed by person, it cannot be sa.id that he was not engaged in the act of smuggling. The appellant was not only the person who instigated, organised and facilitated the smuggling of the contraband goods but he was really person to \vhom the goods belonged. The facts set out in the ground of detention m&ke it clear that the appellant was the person who was actually engaged in the act of smuggling of coo.1traband goods into the Indian Customs waters. For all intents and purposes the appellant was the actual smuggler and not mere abettor. His r.~tivities were ~nch that his ca<ie would be covered by both clauses (i) and (ii) of s. 3(1) o.f th.! Act. l3260-ll; 327A-HJ(b) Assuming that the appellant was merely an abettor in the smuggling of contraband goods on this occasion, still his activities in this tr~nsaction afforded sufficient grounds for the prognosis that he would have himself indulged in actual smuggling of the balance of contraband goods by remaining behind in the fore_ign country. [329D]

tr~nsaction

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 451 of 1978.

Appeal by Special leave from the Judgment and Order dated 5-6-78 of the Bombay High Court in Criminal Application No. 15 of 1978.

Ram .Tclhmalani, Ashok Desai. S. I. Thakore, K. R. Krishnamurthy, Sri Namin for Mis J. B. Dadachanji and Co. for the Appellants.

H. R. Khanna and M. N. Shroff for the State of Maharashtra.

P. N. Lekhi, Girish Chandra and Miss A. Subhashini for Union of India.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

SEN, J.-This appeal by special leave directed against judgment of the Bombay High Court dated 5th June, 1978, dismissing petition filed by the appellant under Article 226 of the Constitution, by which he prayed for the issue of writ of habeas corpus, and the connected petition under Article 32 of the Constitution by his wife for the issu-ance of writ of habeas corpus for his release raise common ques-tion and lherefore they are disposed of by this. common judgment.

vessel known as 'Jamnaprasad' BLS-61 valued at one lac of rupees was found grounded in creek off the coast near village Kim-Khadi on the 20th August, 1977. On receipt of information regard-ing the grounding of the vessel the Customs Officers, Hansot, visited the spot and examined the contents of the cargo aboard the afo"saia grounded vessel. It was laden with 12 rolls of stainless steel sheets each weighing one tonne, valued at Rs. 15,44,400/-. The aforesaid vessel and the contraband goods found aboard it were seized by the

Customs Officers for action under the Customs Act, 1962. They made-inquiries about the whereabouts of the crew members of the aforesaid vessel 'Jamnaprasad' and were successful in apprehending them and the others involved.

Intelligence gathered by the Customs Officers clearly indicate that the appellant was the main person connected with the smuggling of the aforesaid cargo of contraband goods, namely 12 stainless ~tee! sheets recovered from vessel 'Jamnaprasad' BLS-61.

~tee!

The appellant, who ostensibly carries on the business of manufac-turing, sale and export of Umr~o brand wick stoves, spray purnps, cash and jewellery metal b-Oxes, in the name and style of "Umrao In-c dustries" and has his factory for the manufacture of the aforesaid items at village Kim, has been detained by an order of the Addi. Sec-retary to the Government of India, Ministry of Finance (Department of Revenue), New Delhi, dated the I st of February, 1978 under sub-s. (I) of s. 3 of the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Preven-tion of Smuggling Activitie_§_ Act, 1974, with view to prevent him from smuggling goods. He was arrested and placed under detention on the 5th of February, 1978, and is at present detained in the Ccntial Prison, Bombay. At the time of his arrest, the appellant was served with the order of detention together with the grounds of detention with full particulars on which the order of detention was based. On 15th February, 1978 the case wa_,; referred by the Government to the Advi-· sory Board as required under s. ~lb) of the Act to enable the Board to make its report under sub-cl. (a) of cl. ( 4) of Article 22 of the Constitution. The appellant made two representations against his detention to the Government, one dated the 4th and the other dated the 6th of March, 1978, which were received by the Government on the 7th 2nd 8th March, 1978, respectively. The Advisory Board had, in the meanwhile addressed letter dated 21st of February, 1978, to the Government intimatini; that the case would be taken up on the 13th March, asking that the detenu be produced at the hearing and the Government should also forward the representation, if any, made by the appellant, together with the comment~/ decision of the Government, if any. On the 13th of March, the appellant was accordingly produc-ed before the Advisory Board. The Government placed before the Board the two representations made by the appellant together with its comments. The appellant was heard in person; the Government's, point of view was placed before t_he Advisory Board by the Deputy Secretary to the Government, Ministry of Finance, Department of Revenue, who was accompanied by the Assistant Collector, Customs,

Bulsar. On the 16th of March, 1978, the appellant sent telegram to the Advisory Board suppk_menting his oral submissions. The de-. taining authority rejected the representations made by the appellant on 18th of March, 1978. On 10th of April, 1978 the Advisory Board submitted its report giving its opinion that there was sufficient cause for the c\etention. The Government accordingly confirmed the order of detention .

In the light of the circumstances appearing, it was conceded that the grounds for detention set out the facts with sufficient degree of particularity and that it did furni~h sufficient nexus for forming the subjective satisfaction of the detaining authority. The order of deten-tion was, therefore, not challenged on the ground that the grounds furnished were vague or indefinite or lacki11g in particulars or were not adequate or sufficient for the satisfaction of the detaining authority, or for the making of any effective representation.It i' argued that the detention of the appellant was, however, bad for two reasons namely, (1) the detention was in violation o[ the constitutional right guarai:Jteed under Article 22 ( 5), inasmuch as the Government withheld consideration of the representations made by the appellant till after the hearing before the Advisory Board, and (2) the impugned order of detention is bad due to non-application of mind inasmuch as the facts alleged clearly and distinctly ~how that the appellant did not himself smuggle the contraband goods. Both the con-tentions are, in our opinion, wholly devoid of substance.

It is urged that the Government was under constitutional obli-gation to consider the representations before the hearing before the Advisory Board. There is no quarrel with the principle bnt the diffi-culty is about the application of the principle on the facts and circum-stances cf the present case.

In foct, the Government has to reach its decision uninfluenced by the opinion of the Advisory Board. It is, however, urged that the Gov-ernment in this particular case, had not made up its mind till the hear-ing before the Advisory Board on 13th March, 1978, a,nd therefore, its decision reached' on the 18th March was not that indeJ'endent appli-cation of mind that the law requires, because by then the proceedings had: begun before the Board and the Government must have been influenced in its decision.

There is no warrant for the submission that the disposal of the representations made by the Government, in the instant case, was not in conformity with Article 22(5) of the Constitution. First, we shall

deal with the law on the subject before dealing with the factual as· pect. Article 22(5) of the Constitution enacts :

"When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any law providing for preventive detention, the authority making the order sh.all, as soon as may be, com-municat.e to such person the grounds on which the order has been made and shall afford him the earliest 0ppo;tunity of making representation against the order."

Jn Abdul Karim & Ors. v. State of West Bengal(') this interpreted the language of Article 22 ( 5) and observed :

Court

"Article 22(5) does not expressly say to whom the rep-resentation is to be made and how the detaining authority is to deal with the representation. But it is necessarily implicit in the language of Art. 22 ( 5) that the State Gov-ernment to whom the representation is made should pro-perly consider the representation as expeditiously as possible. The constitution of an Advisory Board under section 8 of the Act does not relieve the State Government from foe kgal obligation to consider the representation of the detenu as soon as it is received by it."

It was further observed :

"Jn our opinion, the constitutional right to make rep-resentation guaranteed by Art. 22(5) must be taken to in-clude by ne,cessary implication the constitutional right to proper consideration of the representation by the authority to whom it is made. The right of representation under Art. 22(5) is valuable constitutional right and is not mere formality. It is, therefore, not possible to accept the argu· meut of the respondent that the State Government is not under legal obligation to consider the representation,of the detenu or that the representation m~st be kept in cold storage in the archive$ of the Secretariat till. the time or occasion for sending it to the Advisory Board is reached. If the view-point contended for by the respondent is correct, the consti-tutional right under Art. 22(5) would be rendered illusory."

Thus the two obligati()J)s of the Government to refer the case of the detenu to the Advisory Board and to obtain its report on the one hand and to give an earliest opportunity to him to make representa-tion an"d con~ider the representation on the other, are two distinct obligations independent of each other. (1) [1969] 3 SCR 479.

In Pankaj Kumar Chakrabarty & Ots. v. State of West Bengal('), this Comt again considered cl. ( 5) of Art. 22 and enunciated the following principle :

"In our view, it is clear from els. 4 and 5 of Art. 22 that there is dual obligation on the appropriate Government and dual right in favoJ!r of the detenu, namely, ( 1) to have his representation irrespective of the length of detention con-sidered by the appropriate Government and (2) to have once again that representation in the light of the circumstdnccs of the case comidered by the board before it gives its opinion. If in the light of that representation the board finds that there is no sufficient cause for detention the Government has to revoke the order of detention and set at liberty the detenu. Thus, whereas the Government considers ti1e re-presentation to ascertain whether the order is in conformity with its power under the relevant law. the board considers •uch representation from the, point of view of arriving at its opinion whether there is sufficient cause for detention."

It is, therefore, well settled that in case of preventive detention of citizen, the Constitution by Art. 22(5) as interpreted by this Court, enjoins that the obligation of the appropriate Government to afford the detenu the opportunity to make representation and to consider that representation is distinct from the Government's obligation to constitute Board and to communicate the representation, amongst other materials, to the Board to enable it to form its opinion and to .obtain such opinion.

The nature of the dual obligation of the Government and the ·corresponding dual right in favour of the detenu under Art. 22(5) was reiterated by this Court in Khairul Haque v. The State of West Bengal(') in these words :

"It is implicit in the language of Art. 22 that the appro-priate Government, while discharging its duty to cnasider the representation, cannot depend upon the views of the Board on such representation. It has to consider the repres-entation on its own without being influenced by any such view of the Board. There was, therefore, no reason for the Government to wait for considering the petitioner's repres-entation until it had rece_ived the report of the Advisory Board. As laid down in Sk. Abdul Karim & Ors. v. State of West Bengal (supra), the obligation of the appropriate

(1) 11970] l SCR 543.

(2) W.P. No. 246of1969, decid:d on September 10, 1969.

Government under Art. 22(5) is to consider the represepta-tion made by the detenu as expeditiously as possible. The consideration by the Government of such representation has to be, liS aforesaid, independent of any opinion which may be e;rpressed by the Advisory Board.

The fact that Art. 22(5) enjoins upon the detaining authority to afford to the detcnu the earliest opportunity to make representation must implicitly mean that such rep-resentation must, when made, be considered and disposed of as expeditiously as possible, otherwise, it is obvious that the o]:>ligation to furnish the earliest opportunity to make representation loses both its purpose and meaning."

The same procedural safeguards were reaffirmed by this Court in Jayanarayan Sukul v. State of West Benga/(1) and D[1]iurus Kanu v. Stale of West Bengal.(')

The High Court in this case, and the Delhi High Court in Thaneshwar Singh v. The Union of India & Ors.(') appear to be labouring under misconception that merely because there is no express provision in s.8(b) of the Conservation of Foreign Ex-change and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act placing an obli-gation to forward the representation made by the detenu along with the reference to the Advisory Board, unlike those contained in s.9 of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950 and s.10 of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act, 1971 there is no obligation cast on the Gov-ernment to consider the representation made by the detenu before forwarding it to the Advisory Board. We have no doubt in our mind that when liberty of the subject is involved, whether be it under the Preventive Detention Act or the Maintenance of Internal Security Act or the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, it is the bonnden duty of the court to satisfy itself that all the safeguards pro-vided by the law have been scrupulously observed and that the subject is not deprived of his personal liberty otherwise than in accordance with law.

The relevant Articles of the Constitution having bearing on this question is Art. 22. Two of these safeguards, which relate to the observance of the principle of natural justice and which fortiori are intended to act as check on the arbitrary exercise of power, are to be found in Art. 22(5) of the Constitution.

(1) [1970] 3 SCR 225.

(2) AIR 1975 SC 571.

(3) Cr. W. No 6of1978 decid don Sopternber 25, 1978 (Delhi High Court}

When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any law providing for preventive detention, the authority mak-ing the order ·shall, as soon as may be, communicate to such person the 'grounds' on which the order has been made and shall afford him 'the earliest opportunity of making representation' against the order, These procedural safeguards are ingrained in our system by judicial interpretation. The power of preventive detention by the Government under the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974, is necessarily subject to the limita-tions enjoined on the exercise of such power by Art. 22(5) of the Cons-titution, as constructed by this Court. Thus, this Court in Khudiram Das v. The State of West Bengal & Ors.(') observed:

"1'he constitutional in1perative_s enacted in this article are two-fold : (1) the detaining authority must, as scon as may be, that is, as soon as practicable after the detention, communicate to the detenu the grounds on which the order of detention has been made, and (2) the detaining autho-rity must afford the detenu the earliest opportunity of mak-ing representation against the order of detention. These arc the barest minimum safeguards which must be abserved before an executive authority can be permitted to preven-tively detain person and thereby drown his right of per-sonal liberty in the name of public good and social security.''

This has always been the view consistently taken by this Court in series of decisions. It is not necessary to burden this judgment with citations of these decisions. The view to the contrary taken by the Bombay and the Delhi High Courts that these procedural safe-guards are not available to person detained under the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act is clearly wrong.

The Constitution is all pervasive. All laws made by State must, therefore, yield to constitutional limitations alld restrictions. The citizen's right to personal liberty is guaranteed by Article 22 irrespec-tive of his political beliefs, class, creed or religion. This Court has forged certain procedural safeguards in the case of preventive deten-tion of citizens. These safeguards might be designated as regulative 'Postulate of Respect', that is, respect for the intrinsic dignity of the human person.

(I) AIR 1975 SC 550.

In pursuit of the idealistic considerations as to the inherent worth and dignity of men, the Parliament, in the light of the experience gained recently, repealed the Maintenance of Internal Security Act. The repeal of that Act is necessitated to promote the citizen's right to personal liberty, which is fundamental and pervasive theme of the Constitution, to guard against the preventive detention of person for political beliefs. This was also in accord with the recommendation of the Law Commission in its Forty-seventh Report, p. 2, para 1.4, that preventive detention should be retained only for preventing anti-social and economic offences. The repeal of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act and the retention of the Conservation of For::ign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, however, does not imply that preventive detention, which is an anachronism in democratic society like ours, can be freely used, without any power of judicial review and without any checks and balances, against persons engaged in anti-social and economic offences. This assumption by the two High Courts ignores centuries of judicial lawmaking when it denies the competence of courts to weigh competing social interests. The courts have always viewed with disfavour the detention without trial whatever be the nature of offence. The detention of individuals without trial for any length of time, howsoever short, is wholly incon-sistent with the basic ideas of our Government. To put it less euphemistically, the alternative is the renunciation of judicial review itself, and acceptance of the intolerable principle that the Government is the judge of its own powers. So, this Court observed in Prabhu Dayal Deorah v. District Magistrate, Kamrup: (')

"We say and we think it is necessary to repeat, that the gravity of the evil to the community resulting from anti-social activities can never furnish an adequate reason for invadj1ig the personal liberty qf citizen, except in accor-dance with the procedure established by the Constitution and the laws. The history of personal liberty is largely the history of insistence on observance of procedure. Obser-vance of procedure has been the bastion against wanton assaults on personal liberty over the years. Under our Constitution, the only guarantee of personal liberty for person is that he shall not be deprived of it except in accor-dance with the procedure established by Jaw. The need today for maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community cannot be over-emphasized. There will be no social security without maintenance of adequate supplies

(1) [1974] 2 S.C.R. 12 at 22-23.

-.__/ '

and services essential to the community. But social secu-rity is not the only goal of good society. There are other values in society. Our country is taking singular pride in the democratic ideals enshrined in its Constitution and the most cherished of these ideals is personal liberty. It would indeed be ironic if, in the name of social security, we would sanction the subversion of this liberty."

The constitutional safeguards embodied in Art. 22(5) of the Constitution, as construed by this Court, must, therefore, be read into the provisions of s. 8(b) of Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 to prevent any arbitrary Execut_ivc action.

In the instant case, however, there was no infraction of the consti-tutional safeguards enshrined in Art. 22(5). We are satisfied that there was no failure on the part of the Government to discharge its obligation under Art. 22(5). The records of the Government as weil as of Advisory Board have been placed before us It clearly shows that the Government had forwarded the two representations made by the appellant on the 4th and 6th of March, 1978, ~long­with its comments in writing together with forwarding letter un the 9th of March, 1978. From bare perusal of the forwarding letter and the accompanying para-wise co1nrncnts in writing, it is amply clear that the Government had already formed an opinion that the order of detention was in conformity with its powers under the law. It can-not, therefore, be said that the Government in rejecting the represen-tations made by the appellant by its order dated 18th March, 1978 was, in any way, influenced by the views expressed by the Board. Though, the Government was represented at the hearing by the _ Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Finance, Revenue Department, and the Assistant Collector, Customs, Bulsar, it is nobody's case that the Advisory Board had at the hearing indicated its mind as to whether there was sufficient cause for detention. On the contrary, the tele-gram sent by the appellant on the 16th March, 1978 ex facie shows that the Board had not expressed its mind at the hearing. It is, therefore, irrefutable that the Government had taken decision un-influenced by what transpired at the hearing before the Board. The matter was dealt with by the Government at all levels, and the detain-ing authority had come to an independent conclusion of his own by applying his_ mind to the facts and circumstances of the case. Here, similarly the Board by its report dated the 10th April, 1978 indepen-dently arrived at its opinion that there was sufficient cause for deten-ti on.

Learned counsel for the appellant next strenuously contends that there was non-application of mind on the part of the detaining autho· rity. It was suQ_mitted that though the order for detention was made with view to preventing the appellant from smuggling goods, i.e., under cl. (i) of sub-s. (1) of s. 3 of the Act, his case on the facts reveal-ed in the grounds for detention clearly fell under cl.(ii) of sub-s.(1) of s. 3, as he could not, by any stretch of imagination, be treated to be smuggler but he was only an abettor. May be, he instigated, organised and facilitated the act of smuggling, but it is said, the actual smnggling of the contraband goods, was by others. His act, there-fore, constituted abettnent of smuggling for which there is separate clause under s. 3(,l)(ii). The order of detention cannot, therefore, be justified under s.3_(1) (i). Applying wrong clause, it is urged, shows non-application of mind. We are afraid, the learned counsel is stretching the argument too fine.

Section 3 ( 1) of the Act, so far material reads :

The Central Government or the State Government or any officer of the Central Government, not below the rank of Joint Secretary to that Government, specially em-powered for the purposes of this section by that Govern-ment, or any officer of State Government, not below the rank of Secretary to that Government, specially em-powered for the purposes· of this section by that Govern-ment, may, if satisfied, with respect to any person (includ-ing foreigner), that, with view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the conservation or aug-mentation of foreign exchange or with view to prevent-ing him from-

( i) smuggling goods, or

(ii) abetting the smuggling of goods, or;"

There is, no doubt, distinction between an act of smuggling and abetting the smuggling of goods for purposes of preventive detention under s. 3 (1) of the Act. Nonetheless, the term "smuggling" as defin-ed in s. 2(c) of the Act has the same meaning as ins. 2(39) of the Customs Act, 1962, which. when read with s. 111 of that Act, is wide enough to include and make liable not only the actual smuggler hut also persons abetting the smuggling of contr~band goods as wdl as all JI persons dealing in such goods, etc. Though the provisions of els. (i) and (ii) of snb-s. ( 1) of s. 3 of the Act may operate on different fields, which may sometimes, as here, overlap, still wider meaning is given

...........

to tlle> term 'smuggling in s. 2 ( e) of the Act, with view to broaden the scope of preventive detention. Sub-section ( 1) of s. 3 of th'e Act provide" for the differeqt grounds of detention. Clause (i) rehtes Jo smuggling of goods, clause (ii) relates to abetting the smuggling of goods, clause (iii) relates to engaging in transporting or concealing or keeping smuggled good~, clause ( v) relates to harbouring persons en--gaged in smuggling goods or in abetting the smuggling of goods. It mu~t, therefore, be assumed that the i~kntion of the legislature was to treat the smuggling of goods and abetting the, smuggling of goods as grounds separate and distinct, and both are separate grounds for detention i.e., to take in aU such activities which result in accomplish-ment of smuggling of contraband goods.

In: case like the present, where there is widespread network employed by person, it cannot be said that he is not engaged in the act of smuggling. I~ is accepted before us that the appellant instigat-ed, organised and facilitated !he smuggling of the contraband goods. in question. Not only that but he is really the person to whom the goods belonged. The appellant went to the extent of going to Dubai for purchasing the contraband goods, had thereafter taken deli,cry of the same at Dubai and had them loaded irito the vessel; the. vessel actually belonged toi the appellant and the crew members were engag-ed by his agent Siddiq Hussai.n, who was sent from Bombay to Dubai to bring the vessel. He took charge of the vessel as a, tindd a.nd hut for the fact that the rudder of the vessel failed, the contrab_and stain-less steel rolls would have landed in the creek near the factory of the appella11t.

Jt is clear that Kunji Mohmed, in whose name the ves><:I 'Jamna-prasad' BLS-61 was registered, was merely dummy but the vessel actually belonged to the appellant, who had purchased it f10m one Kasnm Jamal for sum of Rs. 40,000/-. It was he who got the vessel,repaired at Bombay and an oil engine fitted; and, he, through his.agent Siddiq Hussain Sup, engaged the members of the crew. It appears that the appellant left for Duba.i on the 18th of May, 1977 by air and returned to Bombay on the 2nd June, 1977. He prolonged his stay at .Dubai/ Abu Dhabi for seven days and liad to µoy fine of 100" Dirhams per day for his over-stay.Drlring his period of stay at Dubai, he purchased 20 rolls of stain-less ·steel sheets worth rupee..§ 20 lacs. It also appears that the appel-lant and Kunji Mohmed wanted to load the whole of the contraband goods into the vessel but the driver Ali and Amad Mamad, the tindel, refused to carry such heavy cargo. The appellant told them that

he would go to Bombay and se_nd Siddiq Hussain Sup. It further appears that the oil engine in the vessel was replaced, with his con-currence, with new diesel engine. After his departure, only 12 rolls of stainless steel sheets could be loaded in the vessel by Kunji Mohmed and Amad Mamad. There after, while the vessel was on its voyage to India it developed engine trouble and had to remain at s.:a for about ten days v;hereafter, it returned to Sarjah port in Dubai. In the mean-. while, Siddiq Hussain Sup had reached there from Bombay, on instruc-tions from !he appellant, and took charge of the vessel as tindel. The vessel again left Sarjah port but had td remain in the sea near Khod-gam for about 8 to 10 days due to stor!lly weather. After voyage of about 6 to 7 days, the vessel reached near the coast of India outside the creek where it was found grounded. It had to be anchored at place kncwn to Siddiq Hussain Sup, that is, near about the factory of Umrao Industries belonging to the appellant in village Kim,, but the crew members lost the track and had to move around the creek for about 4 days because the rudder had failed. Then 1t entered the afore-said creek, some 20 kms. away from the factory, where it. ran aground due to damage to the rudder.

During search of the house of Kunji Mohmed, certain document& relating to the repairs of vessel No. BLS-61 and dairy containing telephone Nos. 395279, 375943 and 361973 and also one postal rtceipt No. 55955 issued by Jamnagar Post Office showing liooking of trunk call to telephone No. 395279 or 375943 were found. The first two tc:eplione numbers have been installed at the Bombay office of the appellant, while the third is at his residence at Dombay. The postal receipt No. 55955 showed that this trunk call from Jamnagar was booked for Bombay in the name of the appellant. Two more !runk call ticket Nos. L. .0285 and 158, dated 18th June, 1977 showed that the former trunk call was booked by him to Okha telephone No. 91 with Siddiq Hussain Sup as P.P., while the latter was in respect of the return call (lightening) made by the appellant t'1 (he'aforesaid Okha Jelephone. The trunk call booked from tdephone No. 91 Okha was to the appellant's office telephone No. 395279 in' Bombay with P. P. Babubhai.

Obviously, the over-stay of th.e appellant at Dubai was in' connec-tion with the loading of the contraband stainless steel sheet rqlls, which have been valued at Rs. 15,44,400/-. The synchronising of the visit with the taking of the vessel to Dubai, and then loading of the stain-less steel rolls for the purpose of transportation to India, are very signi-ficant. and unimpeachable circumstances to show ihe smuggling pro-pensities of the appellant. ,.

It is quite clear from the facts set out in the grounds of detention, that the appellant was the person who was actually engaged in the act 0f smuggling of the contraband •tainle•s steel rolls into the India. customs waters. It is, therefore, clear that for all intents and purposes lhe appellan! was the actual smuggler and not mere abettor. Fur-thermore, the activities of the appellant were such that his case would lie covered by both clauses (i) and (ii) of s. 3 (1) of the Act. Thus, there was due application of mind.It is manifest that the appellant could in the instant ~asc be detain-ed under sub-s. ( 1) of s. 3 of the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 both under clauses (i) and \ii) thereof. In any case, even as•uming thQt the appellant wa• merely an abettor of the smuggling of 12 rolls of stainless steel sheets on this occasion, still his activities in !hi• transaction afforded sufficient grounds for the prognosis that he would have himself indulg-ed in actual smuggling of the balance lot of 8 rolls of stainless steel sheets remaining behind at Dubai, if not detained, and as such cl. ( i) ef s. 3 ( l) of the Act was properly invoked .

In the result, both the appeal a• well as the writ petition must fail and are dmnissed. There s]l~ll be no order as to ca.ts.

Aerial and l'etition dismissed.

J-978SCI/78